Merge branch 'master' into broadcasting-fixes

assets/TenancyServiceProvider.stub.php

@@ -53,8 +53,6 @@ class TenancyServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
                 ])->send(function (Events\TenantCreated $event) {
                     return $event->tenant;
                 })->shouldBeQueued(false),
-
-                // Listeners\CreateTenantStorage::class,
             ],
             Events\SavingTenant::class => [],
             Events\TenantSaved::class => [],
@@ -63,12 +61,11 @@ class TenancyServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
             Events\DeletingTenant::class => [
                 JobPipeline::make([
                     Jobs\DeleteDomains::class,
+                    // Jobs\DeleteTenantStorage::class,
                     // Jobs\RemoveStorageSymlinks::class,
                 ])->send(function (Events\DeletingTenant $event) {
                     return $event->tenant;
                 })->shouldBeQueued(false),
-
-                // Listeners\DeleteTenantStorage::class,
             ],
             Events\TenantDeleted::class => [
                 JobPipeline::make([

docker-compose.yml

@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ services:
     mssql:
         image: mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest
         environment:
-          - ACCEPT_EULA=Y
+            ACCEPT_EULA: "Y"
-          - SA_PASSWORD=P@ssword # must be the same as TENANCY_TEST_SQLSRV_PASSWORD
+            SA_PASSWORD: "P@ssword" # must be the same as TENANCY_TEST_SQLSRV_PASSWORD
         healthcheck: # https://github.com/Microsoft/mssql-docker/issues/133#issuecomment-1995615432
             test: timeout 2 bash -c 'cat < /dev/null > /dev/tcp/127.0.0.1/1433'
             interval: 10s

src/Bootstrappers/CacheTenancyBootstrapper.php

@@ -16,6 +16,15 @@ use Stancl\Tenancy\Contracts\Tenant;
 
 /**
  * Makes cache tenant-aware by applying a prefix.
+ *
+ * Using this bootstrapper together with DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper
+ * with a database cache store will result in "double scoping". The store will be scoped
+ * by the DB connection (entries will go into the tenant's database) *and* by the prefix.
+ * This is harmless in most cases, but is important to be aware of.
+ *
+ * If you only use database cache stores, consider using DatabaseCacheBootstrapper instead.
+ *
+ * @see Stancl\Tenancy\Bootstrappers\DatabaseCacheBootstrapper
  */
 class CacheTenancyBootstrapper implements TenancyBootstrapper
 {

src/Bootstrappers/DatabaseCacheBootstrapper.php

@@ -21,11 +21,15 @@ use Stancl\Tenancy\TenancyServiceProvider;
  *
  * By default, this bootstrapper scopes ALL cache stores that use the database driver. If you only
  * want to scope SOME stores, set the static $stores property to an array of names of the stores
- * you want to scope. These stores must use 'database' as their driver.
+ * you want to scope. Those stores must use 'database' as their driver.
  *
  * Notably, this bootstrapper sets TenancyServiceProvider::$adjustCacheManagerUsing to a callback
  * that ensures all affected stores still use the central connection when accessed via global cache
- * (typicaly the GlobalCache facade or global_cache() helper).
+ * (typically the GlobalCache facade or global_cache() helper). The code in TenancyServiceProvider
+ * that uses `extend()` callbacks to make database stores on the global cache manager use the central
+ * connection only corrects stores scoped by the Database*Tenancy*Bootstrapper. This bootstrapper
+ * also changes the stores' connection in the *config* to 'tenant' which doesn't let that callback
+ * change the connection back to central on the global cache manager.
  */
 class DatabaseCacheBootstrapper implements TenancyBootstrapper
 {

src/Bootstrappers/DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper.php

@@ -5,14 +5,42 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace Stancl\Tenancy\Bootstrappers;
 
 use Exception;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
+use RuntimeException;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Contracts\TenancyBootstrapper;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Contracts\Tenant;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\Contracts\TenantWithDatabase;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\DatabaseManager;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\Exceptions\TenantDatabaseDoesNotExistException;
+use Throwable;
 
 class DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper implements TenancyBootstrapper
 {
+    /**
+     * When true, throw an exception if a tenant gets connected to
+     * another tenant's database or to the central database.
+     *
+     * This case should never come up in well-configured apps where
+     * users cannot set or edit tenant IDs or database names, so this
+     * option is disabled by default.
+     *
+     * However, applications dealing with extremely sensitive data may
+     * choose to enable this runtime check to prevent a bug or misconfiguration
+     * from creating an exploit that would let an attacker access another
+     * tenant's data or data from the central database.
+     *
+     * One way such a scenario might come up is if an application allows
+     * broad tenant attribute updates on a page for updating some fields
+     * on the tenant, without restricting that action to only a limited
+     * set of fields that are safe to edit. An attacker might be able to add
+     * something like ['tenancy_db_name' => '...'] to the request which could
+     * lead to this internal attribute being updated on an existing tenant.
+     *
+     * It's possible that enabling this setting will negate the performance
+     * benefits of cached tenant lookup.
+     */
+    public static bool $harden = false;
+
     /** @var DatabaseManager */
     protected $database;
 
@@ -41,10 +69,39 @@ class DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper implements TenancyBootstrapper
         }
 
         $this->database->connectToTenant($tenant);
+
+        if (static::$harden) {
+            try {
+                $this->verifyTenantCanUseDatabase($tenant);
+            } catch (Throwable $e) {
+                // Revert connection back to central
+                $this->revert();
+
+                throw $e;
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     public function revert(): void
     {
         $this->database->reconnectToCentral();
     }
+
+    protected function verifyTenantCanUseDatabase(Tenant $tenant): void
+    {
+        /** @var \Stancl\Tenancy\Database\Models\Tenant&TenantWithDatabase $tenant */
+        $tenantDbName = $tenant->database()->getName();
+
+        // Check that no other tenant uses this tenant's database
+        if ($tenant::where($tenant->getTenantKeyName(), '!=', $tenant->getTenantKey())
+            ->where($tenant::getDataColumn() . '->' . $tenant->internalPrefix() . 'db_name', $tenantDbName)
+            ->exists()) {
+            throw new RuntimeException('Tenant cannot use a database of another tenant.');
+        }
+
+        if (Schema::hasTable($tenant->getTable())) {
+            // Throw if the current database/schema has the tenants table (i.e. it's not central)
+            throw new RuntimeException('Tenant cannot use the central database.');
+        }
+    }
 }

src/Bootstrappers/UrlGeneratorBootstrapper.php

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use Stancl\Tenancy\Resolvers\PathTenantResolver;
 /**
  * Makes the app use TenancyUrlGenerator (instead of Illuminate\Routing\UrlGenerator) which:
  * - prefixes route names with the tenant route name prefix (PathTenantResolver::tenantRouteNamePrefix() by default)
- * - passes the tenant parameter to the link generated by route() and temporarySignedRoute() (PathTenantResolver::tenantParameterName() by default).
+ * - passes the tenant parameter (PathTenantResolver::tenantParameterName() by default) to the link generated by the affected methods like route() and temporarySignedRoute().
  *
  * Used with path and query string identification.
  *

src/Commands/MigrateFresh.php

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use Stancl\Tenancy\Concerns\ParallelCommand;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\Contracts\TenantWithDatabase;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\Exceptions\TenantDatabaseDoesNotExistException;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputOption;
+use Symfony\Component\Console\Output\NullOutput;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Output\OutputInterface as OI;
 
 class MigrateFresh extends BaseCommand
@@ -72,11 +73,13 @@ class MigrateFresh extends BaseCommand
 
     protected function migrateTenant(TenantWithDatabase $tenant): bool
     {
-        return $this->callSilently('tenants:migrate', [
+        $output = $this->getOutput()->isVerbose() ? $this->output : new NullOutput;
+
+        return $this->runCommand('tenants:migrate', [
             '--tenants' => [$tenant->getTenantKey()],
             '--step' => $this->option('step'),
             '--force' => true,
-        ]) === 0;
+        ], $output) === 0;
     }
 
     protected function childHandle(mixed ...$args): bool

src/Commands/Run.php

@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ class Run extends Command
     protected $description = 'Run a command for tenant(s)';
 
     protected $signature = 'tenants:run {commandname : The artisan command.}
-                            {--tenants=* : The tenant(s) to run the command for. Default: all}';
+                            {--tenants=* : The tenant(s) to run the command for. Default: all}
+                            {--skip-tenants=* : The tenant(s) to skip}';
 
     public function handle(): int
     {

src/Concerns/HasTenantOptions.php

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\Concerns\PendingScope;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputOption;
 
 /**
- * Adds 'tenants' and 'with-pending' options.
+ * Adds 'tenants', 'skip-tenants', and 'with-pending' options.
  */
 trait HasTenantOptions
 {
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@ trait HasTenantOptions
     {
         return array_merge([
             new InputOption('tenants', null, InputOption::VALUE_IS_ARRAY|InputOption::VALUE_OPTIONAL, 'The tenants to run this command for. Leave empty for all tenants', null),
-           new InputOption('with-pending', null, InputOption::VALUE_NONE, 'Include pending tenants in query'), // todo@pending should we also offer without-pending? if we add this, mention in docs
+            new InputOption('skip-tenants', null, InputOption::VALUE_IS_ARRAY|InputOption::VALUE_OPTIONAL, 'The tenants to skip when running this command', null),
+            new InputOption('with-pending', null, InputOption::VALUE_OPTIONAL, 'Include pending tenants in query if true/1, exclude if false/0. Defaults to the tenancy.pending.include_in_queries config value.'),
         ], parent::getOptions());
     }
 
@@ -42,8 +43,15 @@ trait HasTenantOptions
             ->when($this->option('tenants'), function ($query) {
                 $query->whereIn(tenancy()->model()->getTenantKeyName(), $this->option('tenants'));
             })
+            ->when($this->option('skip-tenants'), function ($query) {
+                $query->whereNotIn(tenancy()->model()->getTenantKeyName(), $this->option('skip-tenants'));
+            })
             ->when(tenancy()->model()::hasGlobalScope(PendingScope::class), function ($query) {
-                $query->withPending(config('tenancy.pending.include_in_queries') ?: $this->option('with-pending'));
+                $includePending = $this->input->hasParameterOption('--with-pending')
+                    ? filter_var($this->option('with-pending') ?? true, FILTER_VALIDATE_BOOLEAN)
+                    : config('tenancy.pending.include_in_queries');
+
+                $query->withPending($includePending);
             });
     }
 

src/Database/Concerns/HasPending.php

@@ -28,6 +28,18 @@ trait HasPending
     public static function bootHasPending(): void
     {
         static::addGlobalScope(new PendingScope());
+
+        static::creating(function (self $tenant): void {
+            if ($tenant->pending()) {
+                event(new CreatingPendingTenant($tenant));
+            }
+        });
+
+        static::created(function (self $tenant): void {
+            if ($tenant->pending()) {
+                event(new PendingTenantCreated($tenant));
+            }
+        });
     }
 
     /** Initialize the trait. */
@@ -49,22 +61,11 @@ trait HasPending
      */
     public static function createPending(array $attributes = []): Model&Tenant
     {
-        $tenant = null;
+        return static::create(array_merge(
-
+            static::getPendingAttributes($attributes),
-        try {
+            $attributes,
-            $tenant = static::create(array_merge(static::getPendingAttributes($attributes), $attributes));
+            ['pending_since' => now()->timestamp],
-            event(new CreatingPendingTenant($tenant));
+        ));
-        } finally {
-            // Update the pending_since value only after the tenant is created so it's
-            // not marked as pending until after migrations, seeders, etc are run.
-            $tenant?->update([
-                'pending_since' => now()->timestamp,
-            ]);
-        }
-
-        event(new PendingTenantCreated($tenant));
-
-        return $tenant;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -99,27 +100,51 @@ trait HasPending
      */
     public static function pullPendingFromPool(bool $firstOrCreate = false, array $attributes = []): ?Tenant
     {
-        $tenant = DB::transaction(function () use ($attributes): ?Tenant {
+        // Attempt pulling a pending tenant.
-            /** @var (Model&Tenant)|null $tenant */
+        // The loop handles the case where a single tenant is being pulled by multiple processes at the same time.
-            $tenant = static::onlyPending()->first();
+        // If a tenant was pulled by a concurrent process, try pulling the next one in the pool.
+        while (true) {
+            /** @var (Model&Tenant)|null $pullCandidate */
+            $pullCandidate = static::onlyPending()->first();
 
-            if ($tenant !== null) {
+            if ($pullCandidate === null) {
-                event(new PullingPendingTenant($tenant));
-                $tenant->update(array_merge($attributes, [
-                    'pending_since' => null,
-                ]));
-            }
-
-            return $tenant;
-        });
-
-        if ($tenant === null) {
                 return $firstOrCreate ? static::create($attributes) : null;
             }
 
-        // Only triggered if a tenant that was pulled from the pool is returned
+            // Fired before the claim, so it can fire once per attempt, including for a candidate
+            // that ends up being claimed by a different process (in which case the loop retries).
+            // PendingTenantPulled (below) fires exactly once, for the actually pulled tenant.
+            event(new PullingPendingTenant($pullCandidate));
+
+            $tenant = DB::transaction(function () use ($pullCandidate, $attributes): ?Tenant {
+                $tenantWasPulled = static::onlyPending()
+                    ->whereKey($pullCandidate->getKey())
+                    ->update([$pullCandidate->getColumnForQuery('pending_since') => null]) > 0;
+
+                if (! $tenantWasPulled) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+
+                // The tenant's pending_since was just cleared, and a PullingPendingTenant listener
+                // may have made changes to the tenant, so re-fetch it to make sure it's up to date.
+                /** @var Model&Tenant $pulledTenant */
+                $pulledTenant = static::findOrFail($pullCandidate->getKey());
+
+                if (! empty($attributes)) {
+                    $pulledTenant->update($attributes);
+                }
+
+                return $pulledTenant;
+            });
+
+            if ($tenant === null) {
+                // If another pull claimed this tenant first, try claiming the next one
+                continue;
+            }
+
             event(new PendingTenantPulled($tenant));
 
             return $tenant;
         }
     }
+}

src/Database/Concerns/ManagesPostgresUsers.php

@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ trait ManagesPostgresUsers
         $username = $databaseConfig->getUsername();
         $password = $databaseConfig->getPassword();
 
+        $this->validateParameter($username);
+        $this->validatePassword($password);
+
         $createUser = ! $this->userExists($username);
 
         if ($createUser) {
@@ -44,6 +47,8 @@ trait ManagesPostgresUsers
         // Tenant DB username
         $username = $databaseConfig->getUsername();
 
+        $this->validateParameter($username);
+
         // Tenant host connection config
         $connectionName = $this->connection()->getConfig('name');
         $centralDatabase = $this->connection()->getConfig('database');
@@ -77,6 +82,6 @@ trait ManagesPostgresUsers
 
     public function userExists(string $username): bool
     {
-        return (bool) $this->connection()->selectOne("SELECT usename FROM pg_user WHERE usename = '{$username}'");
+        return (bool) $this->connection()->select('SELECT usename FROM pg_user WHERE usename = ?', [$username]);
     }
 }

src/Database/Concerns/PendingScope.php

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class PendingScope implements Scope
     /**
      * Apply the scope to a given Eloquent query builder.
      *
-     * @param Builder<Model> $builder
+     * @param Builder<covariant Model> $builder
      *
      * @return void
      */
@@ -58,8 +58,10 @@ class PendingScope implements Scope
     {
         $builder->macro('withoutPending', function (Builder $builder) {
             $builder->withoutGlobalScope(static::class)
-                ->whereNull($builder->getModel()->getColumnForQuery('pending_since'))
+                ->where(function (Builder $query) {
-                ->orWhereNull($builder->getModel()->getDataColumn());
+                    $query->whereNull($query->getModel()->getColumnForQuery('pending_since'))
+                        ->orWhereNull($query->getModel()->getDataColumn());
+                });
 
             return $builder;
         });

src/Database/Concerns/ValidatesDatabaseParameters.php

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Stancl\Tenancy\Database\Concerns;
+
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Provides methods to validate database parameters (e.g. database names, usernames, passwords)
+ * before using them in SQL statements (or in file paths in the case of SQLiteDatabaseManager).
+ *
+ * Used where parameters can be provided by users, and where parameter binding cannot be used.
+ *
+ * @see \Stancl\Tenancy\Database\TenantDatabaseManagers\TenantDatabaseManager
+ * @see \Stancl\Tenancy\Database\TenantDatabaseManagers\SQLiteDatabaseManager
+ */
+trait ValidatesDatabaseParameters
+{
+    /**
+     * Characters allowed in parameters.
+     *
+     * Used as the default allowlist in validateParameter(), which validates non-password
+     * parameters such as database names or usernames.
+     *
+     * Since non-password parameters don't need to use as many special characters, we use
+     * a stricter allowlist here.
+     */
+    public static string $allowedParameterCharacters = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789_-';
+
+    /**
+     * Characters allowed in database user passwords.
+     *
+     * The allowlist for passwords is less strict than for other parameters
+     * because it's more common to use more special characters in passwords.
+     */
+    public static string $allowedPasswordCharacters = ' !#$%&()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[]^_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~';
+
+    /**
+     * Ensure that parameter (database name, username, etc.)
+     * only contains allowed characters before being used in SQL statements
+     * (or paths in the case of SQLiteDatabaseManager).
+     *
+     * By default, only the characters in $allowedParameterCharacters are allowed.
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    protected function validateParameter(mixed $parameter, string|null $allowedCharacters = null): void
+    {
+        if (is_null($parameter)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Parameter cannot be null.');
+        }
+
+        if (is_numeric($parameter)) {
+            $parameter = (string) $parameter;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($parameter)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Parameter has to be a string.');
+        }
+
+        if ($parameter === '') {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Parameter cannot be an empty string.');
+        }
+
+        $allowedCharacters ??= static::$allowedParameterCharacters;
+
+        foreach (str_split($parameter) as $character) {
+            if (! str_contains($allowedCharacters, $character)) {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException("Forbidden character '{$character}' in parameter.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensure password only contains allowed characters ($allowedPasswordCharacters)
+     * before being used in SQL statements.
+     *
+     * Used in permission controlled managers as a shorthand for calling validateParameter()
+     * with the less strict allowlist to validate database user passwords.
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    protected function validatePassword(string|null $password): void
+    {
+        if (is_null($password)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Password cannot be null.');
+        }
+
+        if ($password === '') {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Password cannot be an empty string.');
+        }
+
+        $this->validateParameter($password, allowedCharacters: static::$allowedPasswordCharacters);
+    }
+}

src/Database/ParentModelScope.php

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Scope;
 class ParentModelScope implements Scope
 {
     /**
-     * @param Builder<Model> $builder
+     * @param Builder<covariant Model> $builder
      */
     public function apply(Builder $builder, Model $model): void
     {

src/Database/TenantDatabaseManagers/MicrosoftSQLDatabaseManager.php

@@ -12,16 +12,22 @@ class MicrosoftSQLDatabaseManager extends TenantDatabaseManager
     {
         $database = $tenant->database()->getName();
 
+        $this->validateParameter($database);
+
         return $this->connection()->statement("CREATE DATABASE [{$database}]");
     }
 
     public function deleteDatabase(TenantWithDatabase $tenant): bool
     {
-        return $this->connection()->statement("DROP DATABASE [{$tenant->database()->getName()}]");
+        $database = $tenant->database()->getName();
+
+        $this->validateParameter($database);
+
+        return $this->connection()->statement("DROP DATABASE [{$database}]");
     }
 
     public function databaseExists(string $name): bool
     {
-        return (bool) $this->connection()->select("SELECT name FROM master.sys.databases WHERE name = '$name'");
+        return (bool) $this->connection()->select('SELECT name FROM master.sys.databases WHERE name = ?', [$name]);
     }
 }

src/Database/TenantDatabaseManagers/MySQLDatabaseManager.php

@@ -14,16 +14,38 @@ class MySQLDatabaseManager extends TenantDatabaseManager
         $charset = $this->connection()->getConfig('charset');
         $collation = $this->connection()->getConfig('collation');
 
-        return $this->connection()->statement("CREATE DATABASE `{$database}` CHARACTER SET `$charset` COLLATE `$collation`");
+        $this->validateParameter($database);
+
+        // MySQL defaults to the server's charset and collation
+        // if charset and collation are not specified.
+        // If charset is specified but collation is null, MySQL
+        // will choose a default collation for the specified charset (and vice versa).
+        $statement = "CREATE DATABASE `{$database}`";
+
+        if ($charset !== null) {
+            $this->validateParameter($charset);
+            $statement .= " CHARACTER SET `{$charset}`";
+        }
+
+        if ($collation !== null) {
+            $this->validateParameter($collation);
+            $statement .= " COLLATE `{$collation}`";
+        }
+
+        return $this->connection()->statement($statement);
     }
 
     public function deleteDatabase(TenantWithDatabase $tenant): bool
     {
-        return $this->connection()->statement("DROP DATABASE `{$tenant->database()->getName()}`");
+        $database = $tenant->database()->getName();
+
+        $this->validateParameter($database);
+
+        return $this->connection()->statement("DROP DATABASE `{$database}`");
     }
 
     public function databaseExists(string $name): bool
     {
-        return (bool) $this->connection()->select("SELECT SCHEMA_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = '$name'");
+        return (bool) $this->connection()->select('SELECT SCHEMA_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = ?', [$name]);
     }
 }

src/Database/TenantDatabaseManagers/PermissionControlledMicrosoftSQLServerDatabaseManager.php

@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ class PermissionControlledMicrosoftSQLServerDatabaseManager extends MicrosoftSQL
         $username = $databaseConfig->getUsername();
         $password = $databaseConfig->getPassword();
 
+        $this->validateParameter($database);
+        $this->validateParameter($username);
+        $this->validatePassword($password);
+
         // Create login
         $this->connection()->statement("CREATE LOGIN [$username] WITH PASSWORD = '$password'");
 
@@ -37,12 +41,16 @@ class PermissionControlledMicrosoftSQLServerDatabaseManager extends MicrosoftSQL
 
     public function deleteUser(DatabaseConfig $databaseConfig): bool
     {
-        return $this->connection()->statement("DROP LOGIN [{$databaseConfig->getUsername()}]");
+        $username = $databaseConfig->getUsername();
+
+        $this->validateParameter($username);
+
+        return $this->connection()->statement("DROP LOGIN [{$username}]");
     }
 
     public function userExists(string $username): bool
     {
-        return (bool) $this->connection()->select("SELECT sp.name as username FROM sys.server_principals sp WHERE sp.name = '{$username}'");
+        return (bool) $this->connection()->select('SELECT sp.name as username FROM sys.server_principals sp WHERE sp.name = ?', [$username]);
     }
 
     public function makeConnectionConfig(array $baseConfig, string $databaseName): array
@@ -54,11 +62,15 @@ class PermissionControlledMicrosoftSQLServerDatabaseManager extends MicrosoftSQL
 
     public function deleteDatabase(TenantWithDatabase $tenant): bool
     {
+        $name = $tenant->database()->getName();
+
+        $this->validateParameter($name);
+
         // Close all connections to the database before deleting it
         // Set the database to SINGLE_USER mode to ensure that
         // No other connections are using the database while we're trying to delete it
         // Rollback all active transactions
-        $this->connection()->statement("ALTER DATABASE [{$tenant->database()->getName()}] SET SINGLE_USER WITH ROLLBACK IMMEDIATE;");
+        $this->connection()->statement("ALTER DATABASE [{$name}] SET SINGLE_USER WITH ROLLBACK IMMEDIATE;");
 
         return parent::deleteDatabase($tenant);
     }

src/Database/TenantDatabaseManagers/PermissionControlledMySQLDatabaseManager.php

@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ class PermissionControlledMySQLDatabaseManager extends MySQLDatabaseManager impl
         $username = $databaseConfig->getUsername();
         $password = $databaseConfig->getPassword();
 
+        $this->validateParameter($database);
+        $this->validateParameter($username);
+        $this->validatePassword($password);
+
         $this->connection()->statement("CREATE USER `{$username}`@`%` IDENTIFIED BY '{$password}'");
 
         $grants = implode(', ', static::$grants);
@@ -48,11 +52,15 @@ class PermissionControlledMySQLDatabaseManager extends MySQLDatabaseManager impl
 
     public function deleteUser(DatabaseConfig $databaseConfig): bool
     {
-        return $this->connection()->statement("DROP USER IF EXISTS '{$databaseConfig->getUsername()}'");
+        $username = $databaseConfig->getUsername();
+
+        $this->validateParameter($username);
+
+        return $this->connection()->statement("DROP USER IF EXISTS '{$username}'");
     }
 
     public function userExists(string $username): bool
     {
-        return (bool) $this->connection()->select("SELECT count(*) FROM mysql.user WHERE user = '$username'")[0]->{'count(*)'};
+        return (bool) $this->connection()->select('SELECT count(*) FROM mysql.user WHERE user = ?', [$username])[0]->{'count(*)'};
     }
 }

src/Database/TenantDatabaseManagers/PermissionControlledPostgreSQLDatabaseManager.php

@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@ class PermissionControlledPostgreSQLDatabaseManager extends PostgreSQLDatabaseMa
         $username = $databaseConfig->getUsername();
         $schema = $databaseConfig->connection()['search_path'];
 
+        $this->validateParameter($database);
+        $this->validateParameter($username);
+        $this->validateParameter($schema);
+
         // Host config
         $connectionName = $this->connection()->getConfig('name');
         $centralDatabase = $this->connection()->getConfig('database');
@@ -32,10 +36,10 @@ class PermissionControlledPostgreSQLDatabaseManager extends PostgreSQLDatabaseMa
         $this->connection()->reconnect();
 
         // Grant permissions to create and use tables in the configured schema ("public" by default) to the user
-        $this->connection()->statement("GRANT USAGE, CREATE ON SCHEMA {$schema} TO \"{$username}\"");
+        $this->connection()->statement("GRANT USAGE, CREATE ON SCHEMA \"{$schema}\" TO \"{$username}\"");
 
         // Grant permissions to use sequences in the current schema to the user
-        $this->connection()->statement("GRANT USAGE ON ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA {$schema} TO \"{$username}\"");
+        $this->connection()->statement("GRANT USAGE ON ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA \"{$schema}\" TO \"{$username}\"");
 
         // Reconnect to central database
         config(["database.connections.{$connectionName}.database" => $centralDatabase]);

src/Database/TenantDatabaseManagers/PermissionControlledPostgreSQLSchemaManager.php

@@ -23,23 +23,27 @@ class PermissionControlledPostgreSQLSchemaManager extends PostgreSQLSchemaManage
         // Central database name
         $database = DB::connection(config('tenancy.database.central_connection'))->getDatabaseName();
 
-        $this->connection()->statement("GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE {$database} TO \"{$username}\"");
+        $this->validateParameter($username);
+        $this->validateParameter($schema);
+        $this->validateParameter($database);
+
+        $this->connection()->statement("GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE \"{$database}\" TO \"{$username}\"");
         $this->connection()->statement("GRANT USAGE, CREATE ON SCHEMA \"{$schema}\" TO \"{$username}\"");
         $this->connection()->statement("GRANT USAGE ON ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA \"{$schema}\" TO \"{$username}\"");
 
-        $tables = $this->connection()->select("SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = '{$schema}' AND table_type = 'BASE TABLE'");
+        $tables = $this->connection()->select("SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = ? AND table_type = 'BASE TABLE'", [$schema]);
 
         // Grant permissions to any existing tables. This is used with RLS
         foreach ($tables as $table) {
             $tableName = $table->table_name;
 
             /** @var string $primaryKey */
-            $primaryKey = $this->connection()->selectOne(<<<SQL
+            $primaryKey = $this->connection()->selectOne(<<<'SQL'
                 SELECT column_name
                 FROM information_schema.key_column_usage
-                WHERE table_name = '{$tableName}'
+                WHERE table_name = ?
                 AND constraint_name LIKE '%_pkey'
-            SQL)->column_name;
+            SQL, [$tableName])->column_name;
 
             // Grant all permissions for all existing tables
             $this->connection()->statement("GRANT ALL ON \"{$schema}\".\"{$tableName}\" TO \"{$username}\"");

src/Database/TenantDatabaseManagers/PostgreSQLDatabaseManager.php

@@ -10,16 +10,24 @@ class PostgreSQLDatabaseManager extends TenantDatabaseManager
 {
     public function createDatabase(TenantWithDatabase $tenant): bool
     {
-        return $this->connection()->statement("CREATE DATABASE \"{$tenant->database()->getName()}\" WITH TEMPLATE=template0");
+        $name = $tenant->database()->getName();
+
+        $this->validateParameter($name);
+
+        return $this->connection()->statement("CREATE DATABASE \"{$name}\" WITH TEMPLATE=template0");
     }
 
     public function deleteDatabase(TenantWithDatabase $tenant): bool
     {
-        return $this->connection()->statement("DROP DATABASE \"{$tenant->database()->getName()}\"");
+        $name = $tenant->database()->getName();
+
+        $this->validateParameter($name);
+
+        return $this->connection()->statement("DROP DATABASE \"{$name}\"");
     }
 
     public function databaseExists(string $name): bool
     {
-        return (bool) $this->connection()->selectOne("SELECT datname FROM pg_database WHERE datname = '$name'");
+        return (bool) $this->connection()->select('SELECT datname FROM pg_database WHERE datname = ?', [$name]);
     }
 }

src/Database/TenantDatabaseManagers/PostgreSQLSchemaManager.php

@@ -10,17 +10,25 @@ class PostgreSQLSchemaManager extends TenantDatabaseManager
 {
     public function createDatabase(TenantWithDatabase $tenant): bool
     {
-        return $this->connection()->statement("CREATE SCHEMA \"{$tenant->database()->getName()}\"");
+        $name = $tenant->database()->getName();
+
+        $this->validateParameter($name);
+
+        return $this->connection()->statement("CREATE SCHEMA \"{$name}\"");
     }
 
     public function deleteDatabase(TenantWithDatabase $tenant): bool
     {
-        return $this->connection()->statement("DROP SCHEMA \"{$tenant->database()->getName()}\" CASCADE");
+        $name = $tenant->database()->getName();
+
+        $this->validateParameter($name);
+
+        return $this->connection()->statement("DROP SCHEMA \"{$name}\" CASCADE");
     }
 
     public function databaseExists(string $name): bool
     {
-        return (bool) $this->connection()->select("SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = '$name'");
+        return (bool) $this->connection()->select('SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = ?', [$name]);
     }
 
     public function makeConnectionConfig(array $baseConfig, string $databaseName): array

src/Database/TenantDatabaseManagers/SQLiteDatabaseManager.php

@@ -6,13 +6,17 @@ namespace Stancl\Tenancy\Database\TenantDatabaseManagers;
 
 use Closure;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
 use PDO;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\Concerns\ValidatesDatabaseParameters;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\Contracts\TenantDatabaseManager;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\Contracts\TenantWithDatabase;
 use Throwable;
 
 class SQLiteDatabaseManager implements TenantDatabaseManager
 {
+    use ValidatesDatabaseParameters;
+
     /**
      * SQLite database directory path.
      *
@@ -57,6 +61,13 @@ class SQLiteDatabaseManager implements TenantDatabaseManager
      */
     public static Closure|null $closeInMemoryConnectionUsing = null;
 
+    /**
+     * Characters allowed in database names.
+     *
+     * Includes dots to support file extensions (e.g. '.sqlite').
+     */
+    public static string $allowedDatabaseNameCharacters = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789_-.';
+
     public function createDatabase(TenantWithDatabase $tenant): bool
     {
         /** @var TenantWithDatabase&Model $tenant */
@@ -122,6 +133,9 @@ class SQLiteDatabaseManager implements TenantDatabaseManager
     public function makeConnectionConfig(array $baseConfig, string $databaseName): array
     {
         if ($this->isInMemory($databaseName)) {
+            // Named in-memory DBs are formatted like 'file:_tenancy_inmemory_tenant123?mode=memory&cache=shared'
+            $this->validateDatabaseName($databaseName, extraAllowedCharacters: ':?=&');
+
             $baseConfig['database'] = $databaseName;
 
             if (static::$persistInMemoryConnectionUsing !== null) {
@@ -129,7 +143,7 @@ class SQLiteDatabaseManager implements TenantDatabaseManager
                 (static::$persistInMemoryConnectionUsing)(new PDO($dsn), $dsn);
             }
         } else {
-            $baseConfig['database'] = database_path($databaseName);
+            $baseConfig['database'] = $this->getPath($databaseName);
         }
 
         return $baseConfig;
@@ -137,6 +151,8 @@ class SQLiteDatabaseManager implements TenantDatabaseManager
 
     public function getPath(string $name): string
     {
+        $this->validateDatabaseName($name);
+
         if (static::$path) {
             return rtrim(static::$path, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $name;
         }
@@ -146,6 +162,28 @@ class SQLiteDatabaseManager implements TenantDatabaseManager
 
     public static function isInMemory(string $name): bool
     {
-        return $name === ':memory:' || str_contains($name, '_tenancy_inmemory_');
+        $isNamed = str_starts_with($name, 'file:_tenancy_inmemory_') &&
+            str_ends_with($name, '?mode=memory&cache=shared');
+
+        return $name === ':memory:' || $isNamed;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensure database name only contains allowed characters
+     * (allowedDatabaseNameCharacters() + $extraAllowedCharacters) and is not a directory name.
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    protected function validateDatabaseName(string $name, string $extraAllowedCharacters = ''): void
+    {
+        $this->validateParameter($name, static::$allowedDatabaseNameCharacters . $extraAllowedCharacters);
+
+        if ($name === '') {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Database name cannot be empty.');
+        }
+
+        if (is_dir($name)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Database name cannot be a directory.');
+        }
     }
 }

src/Database/TenantDatabaseManagers/TenantDatabaseManager.php

@@ -6,11 +6,14 @@ namespace Stancl\Tenancy\Database\TenantDatabaseManagers;
 
 use Illuminate\Database\Connection;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\Concerns\ValidatesDatabaseParameters;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\Contracts\StatefulTenantDatabaseManager;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\Exceptions\NoConnectionSetException;
 
 abstract class TenantDatabaseManager implements StatefulTenantDatabaseManager
 {
+    use ValidatesDatabaseParameters;
+
     /** The database connection to the server. */
     protected string $connection;
 

src/Database/TenantScope.php

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use Stancl\Tenancy\Tenancy;
 class TenantScope implements Scope
 {
     /**
-     * @param Builder<Model> $builder
+     * @param Builder<covariant Model> $builder
      */
     public function apply(Builder $builder, Model $model)
     {

src/Features/UserImpersonation.php

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace Stancl\Tenancy\Features;
 
+use Exception;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 use Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
@@ -61,9 +62,9 @@ class UserImpersonation implements Feature
 
         Auth::guard($token->auth_guard)->loginUsingId($token->user_id, $token->remember);
 
-        $token->delete();
+        session()->put('tenancy_impersonation_guard', $token->auth_guard);
 
-        session()->put('tenancy_impersonating', true);
+        $token->delete();
 
         return redirect($token->redirect_url);
     }
@@ -76,16 +77,30 @@ class UserImpersonation implements Feature
 
     public static function isImpersonating(): bool
     {
-        return session()->has('tenancy_impersonating');
+        return session()->has('tenancy_impersonation_guard');
     }
 
     /**
-     * Logout from the current domain and forget impersonation session.
+     * Stop user impersonation by forgetting the impersonation session.
+     *
+     * When $logout is true, the user will also be logged out
+     * from the impersonation guard stored in the session.
+     *
+     * Throws an exception if impersonation is not active
+     * (= the impersonation guard is not in the session).
      */
-    public static function stopImpersonating(): void
+    public static function stopImpersonating(bool $logout = true): void
     {
-        auth()->logout();
+        if (! static::isImpersonating()) {
+            throw new Exception('Not currently impersonating any user.');
+        }
 
-        session()->forget('tenancy_impersonating');
+        if ($logout) {
+            $guard = session()->get('tenancy_impersonation_guard');
+
+            auth($guard)->logout();
+        }
+
+        session()->forget('tenancy_impersonation_guard');
     }
 }

src/Jobs/DeleteDatabase.php

@@ -22,12 +22,34 @@ class DeleteDatabase implements ShouldQueue
         protected TenantWithDatabase&Model $tenant,
     ) {}
 
+    /** Skip database deletion if the create_database internal attribute is false. */
+    public static bool $skipWhenCreateDatabaseIsFalse = true;
+
+    /** Ignore exceptions thrown during database deletion and continue execution. */
+    public static bool $ignoreFailures = false;
+
     public function handle(): void
     {
+        if (static::$skipWhenCreateDatabaseIsFalse && $this->tenant->getInternal('create_database') === false) {
+            // If database creation was skipped, we presume deletion should also be skipped.
+            // To avoid this skip, either unset the `create_database` attribute (or make it true), or
+            // set the $skipWhenCreateDatabaseIsFalse static property to false.
+            return;
+        }
+
         event(new DeletingDatabase($this->tenant));
 
-        $this->tenant->database()->manager()->deleteDatabase($this->tenant);
+        $deleted = false;
 
-        event(new DatabaseDeleted($this->tenant));
+        try {
+            $this->tenant->database()->manager()->deleteDatabase($this->tenant);
+            $deleted = true;
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            if (! static::$ignoreFailures) {
+                throw $e;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($deleted) event(new DatabaseDeleted($this->tenant));
     }
 }

src/Jobs/DeleteTenantStorage.php

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Stancl\Tenancy\Jobs;
+
+use Illuminate\Bus\Queueable;
+use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
+use Illuminate\Foundation\Bus\Dispatchable;
+use Illuminate\Queue\InteractsWithQueue;
+use Illuminate\Queue\SerializesModels;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\File;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Contracts\Tenant;
+
+class DeleteTenantStorage implements ShouldQueue
+{
+    use Dispatchable, InteractsWithQueue, Queueable, SerializesModels;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        public Tenant $tenant,
+    ) {}
+
+    public function handle(): void
+    {
+        if (config('tenancy.filesystem.suffix_storage_path') === false) {
+            // Skip storage deletion if path suffixing is disabled
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $centralStoragePath = tenancy()->central(fn () => storage_path());
+        $tenantStoragePath = tenancy()->run($this->tenant, fn () => storage_path());
+
+        if ($tenantStoragePath === $centralStoragePath) {
+            // Check again to ensure the tenant storage path is distinct from the central storage path
+            // to avoid any accidental central storage path deletion
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (is_dir($tenantStoragePath)) {
+            File::deleteDirectory($tenantStoragePath);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Jobs/MigrateDatabase.php

@@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ class MigrateDatabase implements ShouldQueue
 {
     use Dispatchable, InteractsWithQueue, Queueable, SerializesModels;
 
+    /**
+     * Should pending tenants be included while migrating,
+     * regardless of the tenancy.pending.include_in_queries config value.
+     *
+     * If false, pending tenants will be specifically excluded.
+     *
+     * If null, default to tenancy.pending.include_in_queries config.
+     */
+    public static ?bool $includePending = true;
+
     public function __construct(
         protected TenantWithDatabase&Model $tenant,
     ) {}
@@ -25,6 +35,7 @@ class MigrateDatabase implements ShouldQueue
     {
         Artisan::call('tenants:migrate', [
             '--tenants' => [$this->tenant->getTenantKey()],
+            '--with-pending' => static::$includePending ?? config('tenancy.pending.include_in_queries'),
         ]);
     }
 }

src/Jobs/SeedDatabase.php

@@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ class SeedDatabase implements ShouldQueue
 {
     use Dispatchable, InteractsWithQueue, Queueable, SerializesModels;
 
+    /**
+     * Should pending tenants be included while seeding,
+     * regardless of the tenancy.pending.include_in_queries config value.
+     *
+     * If false, pending tenants will be specifically excluded.
+     *
+     * If null, default to tenancy.pending.include_in_queries config.
+     */
+    public static ?bool $includePending = true;
+
     public function __construct(
         protected TenantWithDatabase&Model $tenant,
     ) {}
@@ -25,6 +35,7 @@ class SeedDatabase implements ShouldQueue
     {
         Artisan::call('tenants:seed', [
             '--tenants' => [$this->tenant->getTenantKey()],
+            '--with-pending' => static::$includePending ?? config('tenancy.pending.include_in_queries'),
         ]);
     }
 }

src/Listeners/CreateTenantStorage.php

@@ -7,11 +7,7 @@ namespace Stancl\Tenancy\Listeners;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Events\Contracts\TenantEvent;
 
 /**
- * Can be used to manually create framework directories in the tenant storage when storage_path() is scoped.
+ * @deprecated FilesystemTenancyBootstrapper creates the path automatically when suffix_storage_path is enabled.
- *
- * Useful when using real-time facades which use the framework/cache directory.
- *
- * Generally not needed anymore as the directory is also created by the FilesystemTenancyBootstrapper.
  */
 class CreateTenantStorage
 {

src/Listeners/DeleteTenantStorage.php

@@ -7,14 +7,29 @@ namespace Stancl\Tenancy\Listeners;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\File;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Events\Contracts\TenantEvent;
 
+/**
+ * @deprecated Use Stancl\Tenancy\Jobs\DeleteTenantStorage in a job pipeline instead.
+ */
 class DeleteTenantStorage
 {
     public function handle(TenantEvent $event): void
     {
-        $path = tenancy()->run($event->tenant, fn () => storage_path());
+        if (config('tenancy.filesystem.suffix_storage_path') === false) {
+            // Skip storage deletion if path suffixing is disabled
+            return;
+        }
 
-        if (is_dir($path)) {
+        $centralStoragePath = tenancy()->central(fn () => storage_path());
-            File::deleteDirectory($path);
+        $tenantStoragePath = tenancy()->run($event->tenant, fn () => storage_path());
+
+        if ($tenantStoragePath === $centralStoragePath) {
+            // Check again to ensure the tenant storage path is distinct from the central storage path
+            // to avoid any accidental central storage path deletion
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (is_dir($tenantStoragePath)) {
+            File::deleteDirectory($tenantStoragePath);
         }
     }
 }

src/Middleware/PreventAccessFromUnwantedDomains.php

@@ -31,10 +31,12 @@ class PreventAccessFromUnwantedDomains
     {
         $route = tenancy()->getRoute($request);
 
-        if ($this->shouldBeSkipped($route) || tenancy()->routeIsUniversal($route)) {
+        if ($this->shouldBeSkipped($route)) {
             return $next($request);
         }
 
+        // If the route is universal, neither of these checks will pass and the logic will
+        // fall through to the $next($request) call at the end.
         if ($this->accessingTenantRouteFromCentralDomain($request, $route) || $this->accessingCentralRouteFromTenantDomain($request, $route)) {
             $abortRequest = static::$abortRequest ?? function () {
                 abort(404);

src/Overrides/TenancyUrlGenerator.php

@@ -22,16 +22,18 @@ use Stancl\Tenancy\Resolvers\RequestDataTenantResolver;
  *       - Automatically passing ['tenant' => ...] to each route() call -- if TenancyUrlGenerator::$passTenantParameterToRoutes is enabled
  *         This is a more universal solution since it supports both path identification and query parameter identification.
  *
- *   - Prepends route names passed to route() and URL::temporarySignedRoute()
+ *   - Prepends route names with the tenant route name prefix ('tenant.' by default,
- *     with `tenant.` (or the configured prefix) if $prefixRouteNames is enabled.
+ *     configurable at tenant_route_name_prefix under PathTenantResolver) if $prefixRouteNames is enabled.
  *     This is primarily useful when using route cloning with path identification.
  *
- * To bypass this behavior on any single route() call, pass the $bypassParameter as true (['central' => true] by default).
+ * Affected methods: route(), toRoute(), temporarySignedRoute(), signedRoute() (the last two via the route() override).
+ *
+ * To bypass this behavior on any single affected method call, pass the $bypassParameter as true (['central' => true] by default).
  */
 class TenancyUrlGenerator extends UrlGenerator
 {
     /**
-     * Parameter which works as a flag for bypassing the behavior modification of route() and temporarySignedRoute().
+     * Parameter which works as a flag for bypassing the behavior modification of the affected methods.
      *
      * For example, in tenant context:
      * Route::get('/', ...)->name('home');
@@ -44,12 +46,12 @@ class TenancyUrlGenerator extends UrlGenerator
      * Note: UrlGeneratorBootstrapper::$addTenantParameterToDefaults is not affected by this, though
      * it doesn't matter since it doesn't pass any extra parameters when not needed.
      *
-     * @see UrlGeneratorBootstrapper
+     * @see Stancl\Tenancy\Bootstrappers\UrlGeneratorBootstrapper
      */
     public static string $bypassParameter = 'central';
 
     /**
-     * Should route names passed to route() or temporarySignedRoute()
+     * Should route names passed to the affected methods
      * get prefixed with the tenant route name prefix.
      *
      * This is useful when using e.g. path identification with third-party packages
@@ -59,12 +61,12 @@ class TenancyUrlGenerator extends UrlGenerator
     public static bool $prefixRouteNames = false;
 
     /**
-     * Should the tenant parameter be passed to route() or temporarySignedRoute() calls.
+     * Should the tenant parameter be passed to the affected methods.
      *
      * This is useful with path or query parameter identification. The former can be handled
      * more elegantly using UrlGeneratorBootstrapper::$addTenantParameterToDefaults.
      *
-     * @see UrlGeneratorBootstrapper
+     * @see Stancl\Tenancy\Bootstrappers\UrlGeneratorBootstrapper
      */
     public static bool $passTenantParameterToRoutes = false;
 
@@ -105,8 +107,18 @@ class TenancyUrlGenerator extends UrlGenerator
     public static bool $passQueryParameter = true;
 
     /**
-     * Override the route() method so that the route name gets prefixed
+     * Override the route() method to prefix the route name before $this->routes->getByName($name) is called
-     * and the tenant parameter gets added when in tenant context.
+     * in the parent route() call.
+     *
+     * This is necessary because $this->routes->getByName($name) is called to retrieve the route
+     * before passing it to toRoute(). If only the prefixed route (e.g. 'tenant.foo') is registered
+     * and the original ('foo') isn't, route() would throw a RouteNotFoundException.
+     * So route() has to be overridden to prefix the passed route name, even though toRoute() is overridden already.
+     *
+     * Only the name is taken from prepareRouteInputs() here — parameter handling
+     * (adding tenant parameter, removing bypass parameter) is delegated to toRoute().
+     *
+     * Affects temporarySignedRoute() and signedRoute() as well since they call route() under the hood.
      */
     public function route($name, $parameters = [], $absolute = true)
     {
@@ -114,32 +126,28 @@ class TenancyUrlGenerator extends UrlGenerator
             throw new InvalidArgumentException('Attribute [name] expects a string backed enum.');
         }
 
-        [$name, $parameters] = $this->prepareRouteInputs($name, Arr::wrap($parameters)); // @phpstan-ignore argument.type
+        [$name] = $this->prepareRouteInputs(Arr::wrap($parameters), $name); // @phpstan-ignore argument.type
 
         return parent::route($name, $parameters, $absolute);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Override the temporarySignedRoute() method so that the route name gets prefixed
+     * Override the toRoute() to prefix the route name
-     * and the tenant parameter gets added when in tenant context.
+     * and add the tenant parameter when in tenant context.
+     *
+     * Also affects route(). Even though route() is overridden separately, it delegates parameter handling to toRoute().
      */
-    public function temporarySignedRoute($name, $expiration, $parameters = [], $absolute = true)
+    public function toRoute($route, $parameters, $absolute)
     {
-        if ($name instanceof BackedEnum && ! is_string($name = $name->value)) {
+        $name = $route->getName();
-            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Attribute [name] expects a string backed enum.');
+
+        [$prefixedName, $parameters] = $this->prepareRouteInputs(Arr::wrap($parameters), $name);
+
+        if ($name && $prefixedName !== $name && $tenantRoute = $this->routes->getByName($prefixedName)) {
+            $route = $tenantRoute;
         }
 
-        $wrappedParameters = Arr::wrap($parameters);
+        return parent::toRoute($route, $parameters, $absolute);
-
-        [$name, $parameters] = $this->prepareRouteInputs($name, $wrappedParameters); // @phpstan-ignore argument.type
-
-        if (isset($wrappedParameters[static::$bypassParameter])) {
-            // If the bypass parameter was passed, we need to add it back to the parameters after prepareRouteInputs() removes it,
-            // so that the underlying route() call in parent::temporarySignedRoute() can bypass the behavior modification as well.
-            $parameters[static::$bypassParameter] = $wrappedParameters[static::$bypassParameter];
-        }
-
-        return parent::temporarySignedRoute($name, $expiration, $parameters, $absolute);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -155,16 +163,19 @@ class TenancyUrlGenerator extends UrlGenerator
     }
 
     /**
-     * Takes a route name and an array of parameters to return the prefixed route name
+     * Takes an array of parameters and a route name to return the prefixed route name
      * and the route parameters with the tenant parameter added.
      *
      * To skip these modifications, pass the bypass parameter in route parameters.
      * Before returning the modified route inputs, the bypass parameter is removed from the parameters.
      */
-    protected function prepareRouteInputs(string $name, array $parameters): array
+    protected function prepareRouteInputs(array $parameters, string|null $name): array
     {
         if (! $this->routeBehaviorModificationBypassed($parameters)) {
+            if (! is_null($name)) {
                 $name = $this->routeNameOverride($name) ?? $this->prefixRouteName($name);
+            }
+
             $parameters = $this->addTenantParameter($parameters);
         }
 

src/Resolvers/DomainTenantResolver.php

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ namespace Stancl\Tenancy\Resolvers;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\Relation;
+use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
 use Illuminate\Support\Str;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Contracts\Domain;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Contracts\SingleDomainTenant;
@@ -58,7 +59,19 @@ class DomainTenantResolver extends Contracts\CachedTenantResolver
 
     public static function isSubdomain(string $domain): bool
     {
-        return Str::endsWith($domain, config('tenancy.identification.central_domains'));
+        $centralDomains = Arr::wrap(config('tenancy.identification.central_domains'));
+
+        if (in_array($domain, $centralDomains, true)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($centralDomains as $centralDomain) {
+            if (Str::endsWith($domain, '.' . $centralDomain)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
     }
 
     public function resolved(Tenant $tenant, mixed ...$args): void

src/TenancyServiceProvider.php

@@ -86,14 +86,30 @@ class TenancyServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
             // This works great for cache stores that are *directly* scoped, like Redis or
             // any other tagged or prefixed stores, but it doesn't work for the database driver.
             //
-            // When we use the DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper, it changes the default connection,
+            // When DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper is used, it changes the default DB connection
-            // and therefore the connection of the database store that will be created when
+            // to 'tenant'. A freshly created CacheManager would therefore instantiate database
-            // this new CacheManager is instantiated again.
+            // stores with the tenant connection.
             //
-            // For that reason, we also adjust the relevant stores on this new CacheManager
+            // For that reason, we override the 'database' driver creator on this manager so that
-            // using the callback below. It is set by DatabaseCacheBootstrapper.
+            // database stores are built with the central connection, and we run the
+            // $adjustCacheManagerUsing callback below (set by DatabaseCacheBootstrapper).
             $manager = new CacheManager($app);
 
+            // When DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper is used, database stores whose 'connection'
+            // config is null fall back to the default DB connection ('tenant'). Reset each
+            // such store to its explicitly configured connection, or fall back to central.
+            $centralConnection = $app['config']['tenancy.database.central_connection'];
+            $manager->extend('database', function ($_app, array $config) use ($centralConnection) {
+                $config['connection'] ??= $centralConnection;
+
+                /** @var CacheManager $this */
+                return $this->createDatabaseDriver($config); // @phpstan-ignore method.protected
+            });
+
+            // DatabaseCacheBootstrapper explicitly writes 'tenant' into each store's 'connection'
+            // config. The extend() closure above would then read 'tenant' as the configured value
+            // (not null) and use it directly, so the central connection fallback wouldn't be used.
+            // This callback is used to correct those connections back to central for globalCache.
             if (static::$adjustCacheManagerUsing !== null) {
                 (static::$adjustCacheManagerUsing)($manager);
             }

tests/Bootstrappers/DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper.php

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Event;
-use Stancl\Tenancy\Bootstrappers\DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper;
-use Stancl\Tenancy\Events\TenancyEnded;
-use Stancl\Tenancy\Events\TenancyInitialized;
-use Stancl\Tenancy\Listeners\BootstrapTenancy;
-use Stancl\Tenancy\Listeners\RevertToCentralContext;
-use Stancl\Tenancy\Tests\Etc\Tenant;
-
-use function Stancl\Tenancy\Tests\pest;
-
-beforeEach(function () {
-    Event::listen(TenancyInitialized::class, BootstrapTenancy::class);
-    Event::listen(TenancyEnded::class, RevertToCentralContext::class);
-});
-
-test('database tenancy bootstrapper throws an exception if DATABASE_URL is set', function (string|null $databaseUrl) {
-    if ($databaseUrl) {
-        config(['database.connections.central.url' => $databaseUrl]);
-
-        pest()->expectException(Exception::class);
-    }
-
-    config(['tenancy.bootstrappers' => [DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper::class]]);
-
-    $tenant1 = Tenant::create();
-
-    pest()->artisan('tenants:migrate');
-
-    tenancy()->initialize($tenant1);
-
-    expect(true)->toBe(true);
-})->with(['abc.us-east-1.rds.amazonaws.com', null]);
-

tests/Bootstrappers/DatabaseTenancyBootstrapperTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+<?php
+
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Event;
+use Stancl\JobPipeline\JobPipeline;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Bootstrappers\DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Events\TenancyEnded;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Events\TenancyInitialized;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Jobs\CreateDatabase;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Events\TenantCreated;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Listeners\BootstrapTenancy;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Listeners\RevertToCentralContext;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Tests\Etc\Tenant;
+use Illuminate\Support\Str;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+use Illuminate\Database\QueryException;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\TenantDatabaseManagers\MySQLDatabaseManager;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\TenantDatabaseManagers\SQLiteDatabaseManager;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\TenantDatabaseManagers\PostgreSQLDatabaseManager;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\TenantDatabaseManagers\PostgreSQLSchemaManager;
+
+use function Stancl\Tenancy\Tests\pest;
+
+afterEach($cleanup = function () {
+    DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper::$harden = false;
+});
+
+beforeEach(function () use ($cleanup) {
+    Event::listen(TenancyInitialized::class, BootstrapTenancy::class);
+    Event::listen(TenancyEnded::class, RevertToCentralContext::class);
+
+    $cleanup();
+});
+
+test('harden prevents tenants from using the central database', function (bool $harden, string $connection, string $manager) {
+    config([
+        'tenancy.bootstrappers' => [DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper::class],
+        "tenancy.database.managers.{$connection}" => $manager,
+    ]);
+
+    // Point the central connection at the tested connection's config and migrate it
+    // (so that the central database/schema contains the tenants table).
+    $centralConnection = config('tenancy.database.central_connection');
+    $centralConfig = config("database.connections.{$connection}");
+
+    if ($connection === 'sqlite') {
+        $centralConfig['database'] = database_path($sqliteCentralDb = 'central.sqlite');
+    }
+
+    DB::purge($centralConnection);
+    config(["database.connections.{$centralConnection}" => $centralConfig]);
+
+    pest()->artisan('migrate:fresh', [
+        '--force' => true,
+        '--path' => __DIR__ . '/../../assets/migrations',
+        '--realpath' => true,
+    ]);
+
+    DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper::$harden = $harden;
+
+    Event::listen(TenantCreated::class, JobPipeline::make([CreateDatabase::class])->send(function (TenantCreated $event) {
+        return $event->tenant;
+    })->toListener());
+
+    // Create the tenant with its own database, then repoint it at the central database/schema
+    // (which contains the tenants table that the hardening check looks for).
+    $tenant = Tenant::create(['tenancy_db_connection' => $connection]);
+
+    $central = DB::connection($centralConnection);
+    $centralName = match (true) {
+        $manager === PostgreSQLSchemaManager::class => $central->selectOne('SELECT current_schema() AS schema')->schema, // Central schema name
+        $connection === 'sqlite' => $sqliteCentralDb, // Central SQLite DB name
+        default => $central->getDatabaseName(), // Central DB name
+    };
+
+    $tenant->update(['tenancy_db_name' => $centralName]);
+
+    if ($harden) {
+        // Harden blocks initialization for tenants that use the central database
+        expect(fn () => tenancy()->initialize($tenant))->toThrow(RuntimeException::class);
+
+        // Connection should be reverted back to central
+        expect(DB::connection()->getName())->toBe($centralConnection);
+    } else {
+        expect(fn () => tenancy()->initialize($tenant))->not()->toThrow(Throwable::class);
+
+        // Connection not reverted to central
+        expect(DB::connection()->getName())->toBe('tenant');
+    }
+})->with([
+    'hardening enabled' => true,
+    'hardening disabled' => false,
+])->with('db_managers');
+
+test('harden prevents tenants from using the database of another tenant', function (bool $harden, string $connection, string $manager) {
+    config([
+        'tenancy.bootstrappers' => [DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper::class],
+        "tenancy.database.managers.{$connection}" => $manager,
+    ]);
+
+    DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper::$harden = $harden;
+
+    Event::listen(TenantCreated::class, JobPipeline::make([CreateDatabase::class])->send(function (TenantCreated $event) {
+        return $event->tenant;
+    })->toListener());
+
+    $tenant = Tenant::create(['tenancy_db_connection' => $connection]);
+
+    $dbName = Str::random(8) . ($connection === 'sqlite' ? '.sqlite' : '');
+
+    Tenant::create(['tenancy_db_name' => $dbName, 'tenancy_db_connection' => $connection]);
+
+    $tenant->update(['tenancy_db_name' => $dbName]);
+
+    if ($harden) {
+        // Harden blocks initialization for tenants that use the database of another tenant
+        expect(fn () => tenancy()->initialize($tenant))->toThrow(RuntimeException::class);
+
+        // Connection should be reverted back to central
+        expect(DB::connection()->getName())->toBe('central');
+    } else {
+        expect(fn() => tenancy()->initialize($tenant))->not()->toThrow(Throwable::class);
+
+        // Connection not reverted to central
+        expect(DB::connection()->getName())->toBe('tenant');
+    }
+})->with([
+    'hardening enabled' => true,
+    'hardening disabled' => false,
+])->with('db_managers');
+
+test('database tenancy bootstrapper throws an exception if DATABASE_URL is set', function (string|null $databaseUrl) {
+    config(['database.connections.central.url' => $databaseUrl]);
+
+    config(['tenancy.bootstrappers' => [DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper::class]]);
+
+    Event::listen(TenantCreated::class, JobPipeline::make([CreateDatabase::class])->send(function (TenantCreated $event) {
+        return $event->tenant;
+    })->toListener());
+
+    if ($databaseUrl) {
+        expect(fn() => Tenant::create())->toThrow(QueryException::class);
+    } else {
+        expect(function() {
+            $tenant1 = Tenant::create();
+
+            pest()->artisan('tenants:migrate');
+
+            tenancy()->initialize($tenant1);
+        })->not()->toThrow(Throwable::class);
+    }
+})->with(['abc.us-east-1.rds.amazonaws.com', null]);
+
+// Database managers to test with hardening.
+// Permission controlled managers omitted as they inherit the non-perm controlled managers (= they share the same code paths),
+// each important code path is covered by testing the non-permission controlled manager, so adding permission controlled managers
+// would add unnecessary complexity to the tests.
+dataset('db_managers', [
+    'mysql' => ['mysql', MySQLDatabaseManager::class],
+    'pgsql (database)' => ['pgsql', PostgreSQLDatabaseManager::class],
+    'pgsql (schema)' => ['pgsql', PostgreSQLSchemaManager::class],
+    'sqlite' => ['sqlite', SQLiteDatabaseManager::class],
+]);

tests/Bootstrappers/FilesystemTenancyBootstrapperTest.php

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use Stancl\Tenancy\Events\TenancyInitialized;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Jobs\CreateStorageSymlinks;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Jobs\RemoveStorageSymlinks;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Listeners\BootstrapTenancy;
-use Stancl\Tenancy\Listeners\DeleteTenantStorage;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Jobs\DeleteTenantStorage;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Listeners\RevertToCentralContext;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Bootstrappers\FilesystemTenancyBootstrapper;
 use function Stancl\Tenancy\Tests\pest;
@@ -184,21 +184,63 @@ test('create and delete storage symlinks jobs work', function() {
     $this->assertDirectoryDoesNotExist(public_path("public-$tenantKey"));
 });
 
-test('tenant storage can get deleted after the tenant when DeletingTenant listens to DeleteTenantStorage', function() {
+test('tenant storage gets deleted during tenant deletion when the DeletingTenant pipeline contains DeleteTenantStorage', function() {
-    Event::listen(DeletingTenant::class, DeleteTenantStorage::class);
+    Event::listen(DeletingTenant::class,
+        JobPipeline::make([DeleteTenantStorage::class])->send(function (DeletingTenant $event) {
+            return $event->tenant;
+        })->shouldBeQueued(false)->toListener()
+    );
+
+    $centralStoragePath = storage_path();
+    tenancy()->initialize(Tenant::create());
+
+    // FilesystemTenancyBootstrapper not enabled,
+    // tenant and central storage path is the same,
+    // the storage deletion will be skipped.
+    $tenantStoragePath = storage_path();
+    expect($tenantStoragePath)->toBe($centralStoragePath);
+    expect(File::isDirectory($centralStoragePath))->toBeTrue();
+    tenant()->delete();
+
+    expect(File::isDirectory($centralStoragePath))->toBeTrue();
+
+    config([
+        'tenancy.bootstrappers' => [FilesystemTenancyBootstrapper::class],
+        'tenancy.filesystem.suffix_storage_path' => false,
+    ]);
+
+    tenancy()->initialize(Tenant::create());
+
+    $tenantStoragePath = storage_path();
+
+    // FilesystemTenancyBootstrapper enabled,
+    // but tenant and central storage path is still the same
+    // because suffix_storage_path is false.
+    // The storage deletion will be skipped.
+    expect($tenantStoragePath)->toBe($centralStoragePath);
+    expect(File::isDirectory($centralStoragePath))->toBeTrue();
+    tenant()->delete();
+
+    expect(File::isDirectory($centralStoragePath))->toBeTrue();
+
+    config([
+        'tenancy.bootstrappers' => [FilesystemTenancyBootstrapper::class],
+        'tenancy.filesystem.suffix_storage_path' => true,
+    ]);
 
     tenancy()->initialize(Tenant::create());
     $tenantStoragePath = storage_path();
 
-    Storage::fake('test');
+    // FilesystemTenancyBootstrapper enabled,
-
+    // suffix_storage_path enabled, so the two paths are distinct.
+    // Tenant storage will be deleted.
+    expect($tenantStoragePath)->not()->toBe($centralStoragePath);
     expect(File::isDirectory($tenantStoragePath))->toBeTrue();
 
-    Storage::put('test.txt', 'testing file');
-
     tenant()->delete();
 
     expect(File::isDirectory($tenantStoragePath))->toBeFalse();
+    expect(File::isDirectory($centralStoragePath))->toBeTrue();
 });
 
 test('the framework/cache directory is created when storage_path is scoped', function (bool $suffixStoragePath) {
@@ -256,4 +298,3 @@ test('scoped disks are scoped per tenant', function () {
     expect(file_get_contents(storage_path() . "/app/public/scoped_disk_prefix/foo.txt"))->toBe('central2');
     expect(file_get_contents(storage_path() . "/tenant{$tenant->id}/app/public/scoped_disk_prefix/foo.txt"))->toBe('tenant');
 });
-

tests/Bootstrappers/UrlGeneratorBootstrapperTest.php

@@ -401,3 +401,47 @@ test('the bypass parameter works correctly with temporarySignedRoute', function(
         ->toContain('localhost/foo')
         ->not()->toContain('central='); // Bypass parameter gets removed from the generated URL
 });
+
+test('toRoute can automatically prefix the passed route name', function () {
+    config(['tenancy.bootstrappers' => [UrlGeneratorBootstrapper::class]]);
+
+    Route::get('/central/home', fn () => 'central')->name('home');
+    Route::get('/tenant/home', fn () => 'tenant')->name('tenant.home');
+
+    TenancyUrlGenerator::$prefixRouteNames = true;
+
+    $tenant = Tenant::create();
+
+    tenancy()->initialize($tenant);
+
+    $centralRoute = Route::getRoutes()->getByName('home');
+
+    // url()->toRoute() prefixes the name of the passed route ('home') with the tenant prefix
+    // and generates the URL for the tenant route (as if the 'tenant.home' route was passed to the method)
+    expect(url()->toRoute($centralRoute, [], true))->toBe('http://localhost/tenant/home');
+
+    // Passing the bypass parameter skips the name prefixing, so the method returns the central route URL
+    expect(url()->toRoute($centralRoute, ['central' => true], true))->toBe('http://localhost/central/home');
+});
+
+test('toRoute modifies parameters even when the route has no name', function () {
+    config(['tenancy.bootstrappers' => [UrlGeneratorBootstrapper::class]]);
+
+    TenancyUrlGenerator::$passTenantParameterToRoutes = true;
+
+    $unnamedRoute = Route::get('/unnamed', fn () => 'unnamed');
+
+    $tenant = Tenant::create();
+
+    tenancy()->initialize($tenant);
+
+    // The tenant parameter is added to the URL even for unnamed routes
+    expect(url()->toRoute($unnamedRoute, [], true))
+        ->toBe("http://localhost/unnamed?tenant={$tenant->getTenantKey()}");
+
+    // The bypass parameter prevents passing the tenant parameter and is stripped from the URL
+    expect(url()->toRoute($unnamedRoute, ['central' => true], true))
+        ->toBe("http://localhost/unnamed")
+        ->not()->toContain('tenant=')
+        ->not()->toContain('central=');
+});

tests/CachedTenantResolverTest.php

@@ -165,6 +165,7 @@ test('cache is invalidated when tenant is updated from within the tenant context
     ['redis', [CacheTenancyBootstrapper::class]],
     ['redis', [CacheTagsBootstrapper::class]],
     ['database', [DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper::class, DatabaseCacheBootstrapper::class]],
+    ['database', [DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper::class, CacheTenancyBootstrapper::class]],
 ]);
 
 test('cache is invalidated when the tenant is deleted', function (string $resolver, bool $configureTenantModelColumn) {

tests/CommandsTest.php

@@ -366,6 +366,36 @@ test('migrate fresh command works', function () {
     expect(DB::table('users')->exists())->toBeFalse();
 });
 
+test('migrate fresh command only shows migration output when run with the verbose option', function () {
+    $tenant = Tenant::create();
+    $migratingOutput = 'Migrating tenant ' . $tenant->getTenantKey();
+
+    // CI runs pest with --verbose which makes Artisan::call() inherit the verbosity
+    // so we cannot easily test commands without -v. To work around that, we temporarily
+    // override $_ENV['SHELL_VERBOSITY'] immediately before executing the command. If this
+    // ever stops working, try also overriding the value in $_SERVER and putenv().
+    $emptySentinel = new \stdClass();
+    $originalVerbosity = $_ENV['SHELL_VERBOSITY'] ?? $emptySentinel;
+    try {
+        $_ENV['SHELL_VERBOSITY'] = 0;
+        Artisan::call('tenants:migrate-fresh');
+        $defaultOutput = Artisan::output();
+    } finally {
+        if ($originalVerbosity === $emptySentinel) {
+            unset($_ENV['SHELL_VERBOSITY']);
+        } else {
+            $_ENV['SHELL_VERBOSITY'] = $originalVerbosity;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Artisan::call('tenants:migrate-fresh -v');
+    $verboseOutput = Artisan::output();
+
+    // The output is silent by default and only shown with the verbose option
+    expect($defaultOutput)->not()->toContain($migratingOutput);
+    expect($verboseOutput)->toContain($migratingOutput);
+});
+
 test('migrate fresh command respects force option in production', function () {
     // Set environment to production
     app()->detectEnvironment(fn() => 'production');
@@ -515,3 +545,51 @@ test('migrate fresh command only deletes tenant databases if drop_tenant_databas
         expect($tenantHasDatabase($tenant))->toBe($shouldHaveDBAfterMigrateFresh);
     }
 })->with([true, false]);
+
+test('migrate commands can skip specified tenants', function (string $command) {
+    $tenant1 = Tenant::create();
+    $tenant2 = Tenant::create();
+    $tenant3 = Tenant::create();
+
+    pest()->artisan("{$command} --skip-tenants={$tenant1->getTenantKey()} --skip-tenants={$tenant2->getTenantKey()}");
+
+    tenancy()->initialize($tenant1);
+
+    expect(Schema::hasTable('users'))->toBeFalse();
+
+    tenancy()->initialize($tenant2);
+
+    expect(Schema::hasTable('users'))->toBeFalse();
+
+    tenancy()->initialize($tenant3);
+
+    expect(Schema::hasTable('users'))->toBeTrue();
+})->with([
+    'tenants:migrate',
+    'tenants:migrate-fresh',
+]);
+
+test('run command can skip specified tenants', function () {
+    $tenant1 = Tenant::create()->getTenantKey();
+    $tenant2 = Tenant::create()->getTenantKey();
+    $tenant3 = Tenant::create()->getTenantKey();
+
+    pest()->artisan("tenants:run --skip-tenants=$tenant1 --skip-tenants=$tenant2 'bar foo foo@bar foobar arg --option=option'")
+        ->doesntExpectOutputToContain("Tenant: $tenant1")
+        ->doesntExpectOutputToContain("Tenant: $tenant2")
+        ->expectsOutputToContain("Tenant: $tenant3")
+        ->assertExitCode(0);
+});
+
+test('tenants and skip-tenants options can be used together', function () {
+    $tenant1 = Tenant::create()->getTenantKey();
+    $tenant2 = Tenant::create()->getTenantKey();
+    $tenant3 = Tenant::create()->getTenantKey();
+
+    // Scope to tenant1+tenant2, then skip tenant2 — only tenant1 should run
+    pest()->artisan("tenants:run --tenants=$tenant1 --tenants=$tenant2 --skip-tenants=$tenant2 'bar foo foo@bar foobar arg --option=option'")
+        ->expectsOutputToContain("Tenant: $tenant1")
+        ->doesntExpectOutputToContain("Tenant: $tenant2")
+        ->doesntExpectOutputToContain("Tenant: $tenant3")
+        ->assertExitCode(0);
+});

tests/DatabasePreparationTest.php

@@ -2,17 +2,27 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 
+use Illuminate\Database\QueryException;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Event;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
 use Stancl\JobPipeline\JobPipeline;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Events\TenantCreated;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Events\TenantDeleted;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Jobs\CreateDatabase;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Jobs\DeleteDatabase;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Jobs\MigrateDatabase;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Jobs\SeedDatabase;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Tests\Etc\Tenant;
 use Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\User as Authenticable;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Tests\Etc\TestSeeder;
 
+beforeEach($cleanup = function () {
+    DeleteDatabase::$ignoreFailures = false;
+    DeleteDatabase::$skipWhenCreateDatabaseIsFalse = true;
+});
+
+afterEach($cleanup);
+
 test('database can be created after tenant creation', function () {
     config(['tenancy.database.template_tenant_connection' => 'mysql']);
 
@@ -82,6 +92,73 @@ test('custom job can be added to the pipeline', function () {
     });
 });
 
+test('database can be deleted after tenant deletion', function () {
+    Event::listen(TenantCreated::class, JobPipeline::make([CreateDatabase::class])->send(function (TenantCreated $event) {
+        return $event->tenant;
+    })->toListener());
+
+    Event::listen(TenantDeleted::class, JobPipeline::make([DeleteDatabase::class])->send(function (TenantDeleted $event) {
+        return $event->tenant;
+    })->toListener());
+
+    $tenant = Tenant::create();
+    $manager = $tenant->database()->manager();
+
+    expect($manager->databaseExists($tenant->database()->getName()))->toBeTrue();
+
+    $tenant->delete();
+
+    expect($manager->databaseExists($tenant->database()->getName()))->toBeFalse();
+});
+
+test('database deletion is skipped when create_database is false', function (bool $skipWhenCreateDatabaseIsFalse) {
+    Event::listen(TenantDeleted::class, JobPipeline::make([DeleteDatabase::class])->send(function (TenantDeleted $event) {
+        return $event->tenant;
+    })->toListener());
+
+    // create_database=false means no DB is created (e.g. tenant uses a pre-existing DB)
+    // On deletion, DeleteDatabase should skip rather than attempting DROP DATABASE on a non-existent DB
+    $tenant = Tenant::create(['tenancy_create_database' => false, 'tenancy_db_name' => 'non_existing_db']);
+
+    $manager = $tenant->database()->manager();
+    expect($manager->databaseExists($tenant->database()->getName()))->toBeFalse();
+
+    DeleteDatabase::$skipWhenCreateDatabaseIsFalse = $skipWhenCreateDatabaseIsFalse;
+
+    if ($skipWhenCreateDatabaseIsFalse) {
+        $tenant->delete(); // no exception
+    } else {
+        expect(fn () => $tenant->delete())->toThrow(QueryException::class, "database doesn't exist");
+    }
+
+    expect($manager->databaseExists($tenant->database()->getName()))->toBeFalse();
+})->with([true, false]);
+
+test('database deletion failure is ignored when ignoreFailures is true', function (bool $ignoreFailures) {
+    Event::listen(TenantCreated::class, JobPipeline::make([CreateDatabase::class])->send(function (TenantCreated $event) {
+        return $event->tenant;
+    })->toListener());
+
+    Event::listen(TenantDeleted::class, JobPipeline::make([DeleteDatabase::class])->send(function (TenantDeleted $event) {
+        return $event->tenant;
+    })->toListener());
+
+    DeleteDatabase::$ignoreFailures = $ignoreFailures;
+
+    $tenant = Tenant::create();
+    $manager = $tenant->database()->manager();
+    expect($manager->databaseExists($tenant->database()->getName()))->toBeTrue();
+
+    $manager->deleteDatabase($tenant); // manually delete so the job fails
+    expect($manager->databaseExists($tenant->database()->getName()))->toBeFalse();
+
+    if ($ignoreFailures) {
+        $tenant->delete(); // no exception
+    } else {
+        expect(fn () => $tenant->delete())->toThrow(QueryException::class, "database doesn't exist");
+    }
+})->with([true, false]);
+
 class User extends Authenticable
 {
     protected $guarded = [];

tests/EarlyIdentificationTest.php

@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ test('using different default route modes works with global domain identificatio
         $exception = match ($middleware) {
             InitializeTenancyByDomain::class => TenantCouldNotBeIdentifiedOnDomainException::class,
             InitializeTenancyBySubdomain::class => NotASubdomainException::class,
-            InitializeTenancyByDomainOrSubdomain::class => NotASubdomainException::class,
+            InitializeTenancyByDomainOrSubdomain::class => TenantCouldNotBeIdentifiedOnDomainException::class,
         };
 
         expect(fn () => $this->withoutExceptionHandling()->get('http://localhost/central-route'))->toThrow($exception);

tests/GlobalCacheTest.php

@@ -165,6 +165,7 @@ test('global cache is always central', function (string $store, array $bootstrap
     ['redis', [CacheTagsBootstrapper::class]],
     ['redis', [CacheTenancyBootstrapper::class]],
     ['database', [DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper::class, DatabaseCacheBootstrapper::class]],
+    ['database', [DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper::class, CacheTenancyBootstrapper::class]],
 ])->with([
     'helper',
     'facade',

tests/PendingTenantsTest.php

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 use Illuminate\Database\QueryException;
 use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Artisan;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Event;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
 use Illuminate\Support\Str;
@@ -16,10 +17,25 @@ use Stancl\Tenancy\Events\PendingTenantPulled;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Events\PullingPendingTenant;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Tests\Etc\Tenant;
 use function Stancl\Tenancy\Tests\pest;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Events\TenantCreated;
+use Stancl\JobPipeline\JobPipeline;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Jobs\CreateDatabase;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Jobs\MigrateDatabase;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Jobs\SeedDatabase;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Tests\Etc\User;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Tests\Etc\TestSeeder;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Bootstrappers\DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Events\TenancyInitialized;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Listeners\BootstrapTenancy;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Events\TenancyEnded;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Listeners\RevertToCentralContext;
 
 beforeEach($cleanup = function () {
     Tenant::$extraCustomColumns = [];
     Tenant::$getPendingAttributesUsing = null;
+
+    MigrateDatabase::$includePending = true;
+    SeedDatabase::$includePending = true;
 });
 
 afterEach($cleanup);
@@ -111,6 +127,64 @@ test('a new tenant gets created while pulling a pending tenant if the pending po
     expect(Tenant::withPending()->get()->count())->toBe(1); // All tenants
 });
 
+test('pulling a pending tenant retries when the tenant is claimed concurrently', function () {
+    Tenant::createPending();
+    Tenant::createPending();
+
+    $stolenId = null;
+
+    Event::listen(PullingPendingTenant::class, function (PullingPendingTenant $event) use (&$stolenId) {
+        if ($stolenId !== null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $stolenId = $event->tenant->id;
+
+        // Steal the tenant like a concurrent process would
+        Tenant::onlyPending()
+            ->whereKey($event->tenant->id)
+            ->update([$event->tenant->getColumnForQuery('pending_since') => null]);
+    });
+
+    $pulled = Tenant::pullPendingFromPool();
+
+    expect($pulled)->not()->toBeNull();
+    expect($pulled->id)->not()->toBe($stolenId); // Stolen tenant was skipped, the next one was claimed by the pull
+    expect(Tenant::onlyPending()->count())->toBe(0); // Both tenants claimed
+});
+
+test('the pull is rolled back and the tenant stays in the pool if setting attributes fails', function () {
+    // Pulling a tenant and setting its attributes happen in one transaction,
+    // so if setting the attributes fails, the whole pull rolls back and the tenant stays in the pool.
+    Schema::table('tenants', function (Blueprint $table) {
+        $table->string('slug')->nullable()->unique();
+    });
+
+    Tenant::$extraCustomColumns = ['slug'];
+
+    Tenant::create(['slug' => 'taken']);
+    Tenant::createPending();
+
+    // During the pull, set slug to 'taken', which is already used by another tenant to make the attribute update throw
+    expect(fn () => Tenant::pullPendingFromPool(false, ['slug' => 'taken']))
+        ->toThrow(QueryException::class);
+
+    // The pull rolled back, so the tenant is still pending
+    expect(Tenant::onlyPending()->count())->toBe(1);
+});
+
+test('withoutPending chained with where clauses returns correct results', function () {
+    $tenant = Tenant::create();
+    $pendingTenant = Tenant::createPending();
+
+    // The query returned the correct tenant
+    expect(Tenant::withoutPending()->where('id', $tenant->id)->first()->id)->toBe($tenant->id);
+    // No tenant with this ID exists, the query returns null
+    expect(Tenant::withoutPending()->where('id', Str::random(8) . 'nonexistent-id')->first())->toBeNull();
+    // withoutPending() correctly excludes the pending tenant from the query
+    expect(Tenant::withoutPending()->where('id', $pendingTenant->id)->first())->toBeNull();
+});
+
 test('pending tenants are included in all queries based on the include_in_queries config', function () {
     Tenant::createPending();
 
@@ -142,8 +216,8 @@ test('pending events are dispatched', function () {
     Event::assertDispatched(PendingTenantPulled::class);
 });
 
-test('commands do not run for pending tenants if tenancy.pending.include_in_queries is false and the with pending option does not get passed', function() {
+test('commands include tenants based on the include_in_queries config when --with-pending is not passed', function (bool $includeInQueries) {
-    config(['tenancy.pending.include_in_queries' => false]);
+    config(['tenancy.pending.include_in_queries' => $includeInQueries]);
 
     $tenants = collect([
         Tenant::create(),
@@ -152,21 +226,21 @@ test('commands do not run for pending tenants if tenancy.pending.include_in_quer
         Tenant::createPending(),
     ]);
 
-    pest()->artisan('tenants:migrate --with-pending');
+    $command = pest()->artisan("tenants:run 'bar testing testing@test.test password foo'");
 
-    $artisan = pest()->artisan("tenants:run 'foo foo --b=bar --c=xyz'");
+    $tenants->each(function ($tenant) use ($command, $includeInQueries) {
-
+        if ($tenant->pending() && ! $includeInQueries) {
-    $pendingTenants = $tenants->filter->pending();
+            $command->doesntExpectOutputToContain("Tenant: {$tenant->getTenantKey()}");
-    $readyTenants = $tenants->reject->pending();
+        } else {
-
+            $command->expectsOutputToContain("Tenant: {$tenant->getTenantKey()}");
-    $pendingTenants->each(fn ($tenant) => $artisan->doesntExpectOutputToContain("Tenant: {$tenant->getTenantKey()}"));
+        }
-    $readyTenants->each(fn ($tenant) => $artisan->expectsOutputToContain("Tenant: {$tenant->getTenantKey()}"));
-
-    $artisan->assertExitCode(0);
     });
 
-test('commands run for pending tenants too if tenancy.pending.include_in_queries is true', function() {
+    $command->assertSuccessful();
-    config(['tenancy.pending.include_in_queries' => true]);
+})->with([true, false]);
+
+test('commands include pending tenants when truthy --with-pending is passed', function (bool $includeInQueries) {
+    config(['tenancy.pending.include_in_queries' => $includeInQueries]);
 
     $tenants = collect([
         Tenant::create(),
@@ -175,17 +249,22 @@ test('commands run for pending tenants too if tenancy.pending.include_in_queries
         Tenant::createPending(),
     ]);
 
-    pest()->artisan('tenants:migrate --with-pending');
+    foreach ([
+        '--with-pending',
+        '--with-pending=true',
+        '--with-pending=1'
+    ] as $option) {
+        $command = pest()->artisan("tenants:run 'bar testing testing@test.test password foo' {$option}");
 
-    $artisan = pest()->artisan("tenants:run 'foo foo --b=bar --c=xyz'");
+        // Pending tenants are included regardless of tenancy.pending.include_in_queries
+        $tenants->each(fn ($tenant) => $command->expectsOutputToContain("Tenant: {$tenant->getTenantKey()}"));
 
-    $tenants->each(fn ($tenant) => $artisan->expectsOutputToContain("Tenant: {$tenant->getTenantKey()}"));
+        $command->assertSuccessful();
+    }
+})->with([true, false]);
 
-    $artisan->assertExitCode(0);
+test('commands exclude pending tenants when falsy --with-pending is passed', function (bool $includeInQueries) {
-});
+    config(['tenancy.pending.include_in_queries' => $includeInQueries]);
-
-test('commands run for pending tenants too if the with pending option is passed', function() {
-    config(['tenancy.pending.include_in_queries' => false]);
 
     $tenants = collect([
         Tenant::create(),
@@ -194,15 +273,26 @@ test('commands run for pending tenants too if the with pending option is passed'
         Tenant::createPending(),
     ]);
 
-    pest()->artisan('tenants:migrate --with-pending');
+    foreach ([
+        '--with-pending=false',
+        '--with-pending=0',
+        '--with-pending=foo' // Invalid values are treated as false
+    ] as $option) {
+        $command = pest()->artisan("tenants:run 'bar testing testing@test.test password foo' {$option}");
 
-    $artisan = pest()->artisan("tenants:run 'foo foo --b=bar --c=xyz' --with-pending");
+        $tenants->each(function ($tenant) use ($command) {
-
+            if ($tenant->pending()) {
-    $tenants->each(fn ($tenant) => $artisan->expectsOutputToContain("Tenant: {$tenant->getTenantKey()}"));
+                // Pending tenants are excluded regardless of tenancy.pending.include_in_queries
-
+                $command->doesntExpectOutputToContain("Tenant: {$tenant->getTenantKey()}");
-    $artisan->assertExitCode(0);
+            } else {
+                $command->expectsOutputToContain("Tenant: {$tenant->getTenantKey()}");
+            }
         });
 
+        $command->assertSuccessful();
+    }
+})->with([true, false]);
+
 test('pending tenants can have default attributes for non-nullable columns', function (bool $withPendingAttributes) {
     Schema::table('tenants', function (Blueprint $table) {
         $table->string('slug')->unique();
@@ -224,3 +314,105 @@ test('pending tenants can have default attributes for non-nullable columns', fun
     else
         expect($fn)->toThrow(QueryException::class);
 })->with([true, false]);
+
+test('pending tenant databases can be migrated using a job unless configured otherwise', function (bool $includeInQueries, ?bool $migrateWithPending) {
+    config([
+        'tenancy.bootstrappers' => [DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper::class],
+        'tenancy.pending.include_in_queries' => $includeInQueries,
+    ]);
+
+    MigrateDatabase::$includePending = $migrateWithPending;
+
+    Event::listen(TenancyInitialized::class, BootstrapTenancy::class);
+    Event::listen(TenancyEnded::class, RevertToCentralContext::class);
+    Event::listen(TenantCreated::class, JobPipeline::make([
+        CreateDatabase::class,
+        MigrateDatabase::class,
+    ])->send(function (TenantCreated $event) {
+        return $event->tenant;
+    })->toListener());
+
+    $pendingTenant = Tenant::createPending();
+
+    expect(Schema::hasTable('users'))->toBeFalse();
+
+    tenancy()->initialize($pendingTenant);
+
+    // MigrateDatabase includes/excludes pending tenants based on its $includePending property,
+    // regardless of the tenancy.pending.include_in_queries config.
+    expect(Schema::hasTable('users'))->toBe($migrateWithPending ?? $includeInQueries);
+})->with([
+    'include pending in queries' => [true],
+    'exclude pending from queries' => [false],
+])->with([
+    'migrate with pending' => [true],
+    'migrate without pending' => [false],
+    'default to config' => [null],
+]);
+
+test('pending tenant databases can be seeded using a job unless configured otherwise', function (bool $includeInQueries, ?bool $seedWithPending) {
+    config([
+        'tenancy.bootstrappers' => [DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper::class],
+        'tenancy.pending.include_in_queries' => $includeInQueries,
+        'tenancy.seeder_parameters.--class' => TestSeeder::class,
+    ]);
+
+    MigrateDatabase::$includePending = true;
+    SeedDatabase::$includePending = $seedWithPending;
+
+    Event::listen(TenancyInitialized::class, BootstrapTenancy::class);
+    Event::listen(TenancyEnded::class, RevertToCentralContext::class);
+    Event::listen(TenantCreated::class, JobPipeline::make([
+        CreateDatabase::class,
+        MigrateDatabase::class,
+        SeedDatabase::class,
+    ])->send(function (TenantCreated $event) {
+        return $event->tenant;
+    })->toListener());
+
+    $pendingTenant = Tenant::createPending();
+
+    tenancy()->initialize($pendingTenant);
+
+    // SeedDatabase includes/excludes pending tenants based on its $includePending property,
+    // regardless of the tenancy.pending.include_in_queries config.
+    expect(User::where('email', 'seeded@user')->exists())->toBe($seedWithPending ?? $includeInQueries);
+})->with([
+    'include pending in queries' => [true],
+    'exclude pending from queries' => [false],
+])->with([
+    'seed with pending' => [true],
+    'seed without pending' => [false],
+    'default to config' => [null],
+]);
+
+test('jobs that run before tenants get fully created recognize pending tenants', function () {
+    config([
+        'tenancy.bootstrappers' => [DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper::class],
+    ]);
+
+    Event::listen(TenancyInitialized::class, BootstrapTenancy::class);
+    Event::listen(TenancyEnded::class, RevertToCentralContext::class);
+    Event::listen(TenantCreated::class, JobPipeline::make([
+        CreateDatabase::class,
+        PendingTenantJob::class,
+    ])->send(function (TenantCreated $event) {
+        return $event->tenant;
+    })->toListener());
+
+    Tenant::createPending();
+
+    expect(app('tenant_is_pending'))->toBeTrue();
+});
+
+class PendingTenantJob
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        public Tenant $tenant,
+    ) {}
+
+    public function handle()
+    {
+        app()->instance('tenant_is_pending', $this->tenant->pending());
+    }
+}

tests/SubdomainTest.php

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\Concerns\HasDomains;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Exceptions\NotASubdomainException;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Middleware\InitializeTenancyBySubdomain;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\Models;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Resolvers\DomainTenantResolver;
 use function Stancl\Tenancy\Tests\pest;
 
 beforeEach(function () {
@@ -108,6 +109,14 @@ test('we cant use a subdomain that doesnt belong to our central domains', functi
         ->get('http://foo.localhost/foo/abc/xyz');
 });
 
+test('domain resolver correctly determines if string is a subdomain', function() {
+    config(['tenancy.identification.central_domains' => ['site.com', 'blog.site.com']]);
+
+    expect(DomainTenantResolver::isSubdomain('blog.site.com'))->toBeFalse();
+    expect(DomainTenantResolver::isSubdomain('tenant.site.com'))->toBeTrue();
+    expect(DomainTenantResolver::isSubdomain('tenantsite.com'))->toBeFalse();
+});
+
 class SubdomainTenant extends Models\Tenant
 {
     use HasDomains;

tests/TenantDatabaseManagerTest.php

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ use Stancl\Tenancy\Events\TenancyInitialized;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Listeners\BootstrapTenancy;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Listeners\RevertToCentralContext;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Bootstrappers\DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper;
+use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\Contracts\ManagesDatabaseUsers;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\Contracts\StatefulTenantDatabaseManager;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\TenantDatabaseManagers\MySQLDatabaseManager;
 use Stancl\Tenancy\Database\TenantDatabaseManagers\SQLiteDatabaseManager;
@@ -36,6 +37,10 @@ beforeEach(function () {
     SQLiteDatabaseManager::$path = null;
 });
 
+afterEach(function () {
+    SQLiteDatabaseManager::$path = null;
+});
+
 test('databases can be created and deleted', function ($driver, $databaseManager) {
     Event::listen(TenantCreated::class, JobPipeline::make([CreateDatabase::class])->send(function (TenantCreated $event) {
         return $event->tenant;
@@ -539,6 +544,237 @@ test('partial tenant connection templates get merged into the central connection
     expect($manager->connection()->getConfig('url'))->toBeNull();
 });
 
+test('database managers validate parameters used in raw sql statements', function ($driver, $databaseManager) {
+    config()->set([
+        "tenancy.database.template_tenant_connection" => $driver,
+    ]);
+
+    $manager = app($databaseManager);
+
+    if ($manager instanceof StatefulTenantDatabaseManager) {
+        $manager->setConnection($driver);
+    }
+
+    $invalidDatabaseName = "\"database_with_quotes\"";
+
+    if (! ($manager instanceof ManagesDatabaseUsers)) {
+        // Only test createDatabase() and deleteDatabase() with non-permission controlled managers here
+        // since permission controlled managers override these methods to e.g. delete users before
+        // calling parent::deleteDatabase(), and with invalid DB name, the user deletion will already
+        // fail before we even get to actual deleteDatabase() logic.
+        $tenant = Tenant::make([
+            'tenancy_db_name' => $invalidDatabaseName,
+        ]);
+
+        expect(fn () => $manager->createDatabase($tenant))
+            ->toThrow(InvalidArgumentException::class, 'Forbidden character');
+
+        expect(fn () => $manager->deleteDatabase($tenant))
+            ->toThrow(InvalidArgumentException::class, 'Forbidden character');
+    } else {
+        // Invalid username, createUser() and deleteUser() should
+        // throw an invalid argument exception.
+        $tenantWithInvalidUsername = Tenant::make([
+            'tenancy_db_name' => 'valid_database_name890',
+            'tenancy_db_username' => "username with spaces",
+        ]);
+
+        expect(fn () => $manager->createUser($tenantWithInvalidUsername->database()))
+            ->toThrow(InvalidArgumentException::class, 'Forbidden character');
+
+        expect(fn () => $manager->deleteUser($tenantWithInvalidUsername->database()))
+            ->toThrow(InvalidArgumentException::class, 'Forbidden character');
+
+        // Invalid database name, createUser() should throw
+        // an invalid argument exception. deleteUser() doesn't
+        // validate the DB name (it only validates the username).
+        $tenantWithInvalidDatabase = Tenant::make([
+            'tenancy_db_name' => $invalidDatabaseName,
+            'tenancy_db_username' => 'valid_USERNAME',
+            'tenancy_db_password' => 'valid_password',
+        ]);
+
+        expect(fn () => $manager->createUser($tenantWithInvalidDatabase->database()))
+            ->toThrow(InvalidArgumentException::class, 'Forbidden character');
+
+        $tenantWithInvalidPassword = Tenant::make([
+            'tenancy_db_name' => 'valid_database_name890',
+            'tenancy_db_username' => 'valid_USERNAME',
+            'tenancy_db_password' => "p'ssword",
+        ]);
+
+        expect(fn () => $manager->createUser($tenantWithInvalidPassword->database()))
+            ->toThrow(InvalidArgumentException::class, 'Forbidden character');
+
+        // Special characters are allowed in passwords
+        $tenantWithValidPassword = Tenant::make([
+            'tenancy_db_name' => 'valid_database_name890' . Str::random(8),
+            'tenancy_db_username' => 'valid_USERNAME' . Str::random(8),
+            'tenancy_db_password' => "]pa$$ ;word",
+        ]);
+
+        expect(fn () => $manager->createUser($tenantWithValidPassword->database()))
+            ->not()->toThrow(InvalidArgumentException::class, 'Forbidden character');
+
+        $tenantWithNullCredentials = Tenant::make([
+            'tenancy_db_name' => 'valid_db_name',
+            'tenancy_db_username' => null,
+            'tenancy_db_password' => null,
+        ]);
+
+        expect(fn () => $manager->createUser($tenantWithNullCredentials->database()))
+            ->toThrow(InvalidArgumentException::class, 'Parameter cannot be null.');
+    }
+})->with('database_managers');
+
+test('mysql database manager validates charset and collation correctly', function (string $param) {
+    $manager = app(MySQLDatabaseManager::class);
+    $manager->setConnection('mysql');
+
+    // using a non-string value (empty array) which is invalid
+    config(["database.connections.mysql.$param" => []]);
+    DB::purge('mysql');
+
+    $tenant = Tenant::make([
+        'tenancy_db_name' => 'valid_db_name',
+    ]);
+
+    expect(fn () => $manager->createDatabase($tenant))
+        ->toThrow(InvalidArgumentException::class, 'Parameter has to be a string.');
+})->with(['charset', 'collation']);
+
+test('sqlite database manager validates database names correctly', function () {
+    $manager = app(SQLiteDatabaseManager::class);
+
+    // Dots are allowed in database names
+    expect(fn () => $manager->databaseExists('valid-db_name.sqlite'))
+        ->not()->toThrow(InvalidArgumentException::class);
+
+    // Directory names are considered invalid input for database names
+    expect(fn () => $manager->databaseExists('..'))
+        ->toThrow(InvalidArgumentException::class);
+
+    // Empty strings are considered invalid input for database names
+    expect(fn () => $manager->databaseExists(''))
+        ->toThrow(InvalidArgumentException::class);
+});
+
+test('sqlite database manager recognizes inmemory databases correctly', function () {
+    $manager = app(SQLiteDatabaseManager::class);
+
+    expect($manager->isInMemory('file:_tenancy_inmemory_123?mode=memory&cache=shared'))->toBeTrue();
+    expect($manager->isInMemory(':memory:'))->toBeTrue();
+
+    // Missing the '?mode=memory&cache=shared' suffix
+    expect($manager->isInMemory('file:_tenancy_inmemory_456'))->toBeFalse();
+
+    // Doesn't start with 'file:_tenancy_inmemory_'
+    expect($manager->isInMemory('_tenancy_inmemory_123?mode=memory&cache=shared'))->toBeFalse();
+
+    // In-memory DB name is validated correctly in makeConnectionConfig()
+    expect(fn () => $manager->makeConnectionConfig([], 'file:_tenancy_inmemory_12"3?mode=memory&cache=shared'))
+        ->toThrow(InvalidArgumentException::class, 'Forbidden character');
+
+    expect(fn () => $manager->makeConnectionConfig([], 'file:_tenancy_inmemory_123?mode=memory&cache=shared'))
+        ->not()->toThrow(InvalidArgumentException::class);
+
+    expect(fn () => $manager->makeConnectionConfig([], ':memory:'))
+        ->not()->toThrow(InvalidArgumentException::class);
+});
+
+test('sqlite database manager respects the configured path while making the database config', function () {
+    config()->set([
+        'tenancy.database.template_tenant_connection' => 'sqlite',
+    ]);
+
+    $tenant = Tenant::make([
+        'tenancy_db_name' => 'tenant.sqlite',
+    ]);
+
+    // SQLiteDatabaseManager::$path is null, the database path is built using database_path()
+    expect($tenant->database()->connection()['database'])->toBe(database_path('tenant.sqlite'));
+
+    SQLiteDatabaseManager::$path = '/custom/path/';
+
+    expect($tenant->database()->connection()['database'])->toBe('/custom/path/tenant.sqlite');
+});
+
+test('newly created tenant databases use the correct charset and collation with mysql', function () {
+    config([
+        'tenancy.bootstrappers' => [DatabaseTenancyBootstrapper::class],
+        'database.connections.mysql.charset' => 'utf8mb4',
+        'database.connections.mysql.collation' => 'utf8mb4_unicode_ci',
+    ]);
+
+    Event::listen(TenantCreated::class, JobPipeline::make([CreateDatabase::class])->send(function (TenantCreated $event) {
+        return $event->tenant;
+    })->toListener());
+
+    withBootstrapping();
+
+    $serverDefaultCharset = DB::selectOne('SELECT @@character_set_server AS charset')->charset;
+    $serverDefaultCollation = DB::selectOne('SELECT @@collation_server AS collation')->collation;
+
+    $databaseCharset = fn () => DB::selectOne('SELECT DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = DATABASE()')->DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME;
+    $databaseCollation = fn () => DB::selectOne('SELECT DEFAULT_COLLATION_NAME FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = DATABASE()')->DEFAULT_COLLATION_NAME;
+
+    $defaultTenant = Tenant::create();
+
+    tenancy()->initialize($defaultTenant);
+
+    // No charset or collation specified,
+    // defaults from the MySQL config used.
+    expect($databaseCharset())->toBe('utf8mb4');
+    expect($databaseCollation())->toBe('utf8mb4_unicode_ci');
+
+    $tenantWithCharsetAndCollation = Tenant::create([
+        'tenancy_db_charset' => 'latin1',
+        'tenancy_db_collation' => 'latin1_swedish_ci',
+    ]);
+
+    tenancy()->initialize($tenantWithCharsetAndCollation);
+
+    // Custom charset and collation from tenant config
+    expect($databaseCharset())->toBe('latin1');
+    expect($databaseCollation())->toBe('latin1_swedish_ci');
+
+    $tenantWithNullCharsetAndCollation = Tenant::create([
+        'tenancy_db_charset' => null,
+        'tenancy_db_collation' => null,
+    ]);
+
+    tenancy()->initialize($tenantWithNullCharsetAndCollation);
+
+    // Default MySQL server charset and collation
+    // (e.g. charset = utf8mb4, collation = utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci)
+    expect($databaseCharset())->toBe($serverDefaultCharset);
+    expect($databaseCollation())->toBe($serverDefaultCollation);
+
+    $tenantWithCharsetAndNullCollation = Tenant::create([
+        'tenancy_db_charset' => 'binary',
+        'tenancy_db_collation' => null,
+    ]);
+
+    tenancy()->initialize($tenantWithCharsetAndNullCollation);
+
+    // Charset specified, collation is null,
+    // MySQL will choose a default collation for the specified charset.
+    expect($databaseCharset())->toBe('binary');
+    expect($databaseCollation())->toBe('binary');
+
+    // Collation specified, charset is null,
+    // MySQL will choose a default charset for the specified collation.
+    $tenantWithCollationAndNullCharset = Tenant::create([
+        'tenancy_db_charset' => null,
+        'tenancy_db_collation' => 'latin1_swedish_ci',
+    ]);
+
+    tenancy()->initialize($tenantWithCollationAndNullCharset);
+
+    expect($databaseCharset())->toBe('latin1');
+    expect($databaseCollation())->toBe('latin1_swedish_ci');
+});
+
 // Datasets
 dataset('database_managers', [
     ['mysql', MySQLDatabaseManager::class],

tests/TenantUserImpersonationTest.php

@@ -89,13 +89,14 @@ test('tenant user can be impersonated on a tenant domain', function () {
         ->assertSee('You are logged in as Joe');
 
     expect(UserImpersonation::isImpersonating())->toBeTrue();
-    expect(session('tenancy_impersonating'))->toBeTrue();
+    expect(session('tenancy_impersonation_guard'))->toBe('web');
+    expect($token->auth_guard)->toBe('web');
 
     // Leave impersonation
     UserImpersonation::stopImpersonating();
 
     expect(UserImpersonation::isImpersonating())->toBeFalse();
-    expect(session('tenancy_impersonating'))->toBeNull();
+    expect(session('tenancy_impersonation_guard'))->toBeNull();
 
     // Assert can't access the tenant dashboard
     pest()->get('http://foo.localhost/dashboard')
@@ -135,19 +136,113 @@ test('tenant user can be impersonated on a tenant path', function () {
         ->assertSee('You are logged in as Joe');
 
     expect(UserImpersonation::isImpersonating())->toBeTrue();
-    expect(session('tenancy_impersonating'))->toBeTrue();
+    expect(session('tenancy_impersonation_guard'))->toBe('web');
+    expect($token->auth_guard)->toBe('web');
 
     // Leave impersonation
     UserImpersonation::stopImpersonating();
 
     expect(UserImpersonation::isImpersonating())->toBeFalse();
-    expect(session('tenancy_impersonating'))->toBeNull();
+    expect(session('tenancy_impersonation_guard'))->toBeNull();
 
     // Assert can't access the tenant dashboard
     pest()->get('/acme/dashboard')
         ->assertRedirect('/login');
 });
 
+test('stopImpersonating can keep the user authenticated', function () {
+    makeLoginRoute();
+
+    Route::middleware(InitializeTenancyByPath::class)->prefix('/{tenant}')->group(getRoutes(false));
+
+    $tenant = Tenant::create([
+        'id' => 'acme',
+        'tenancy_db_name' => 'db' . Str::random(16),
+    ]);
+
+    migrateTenants();
+
+    $user = $tenant->run(function () {
+        return ImpersonationUser::create([
+            'name' => 'Joe',
+            'email' => 'joe@local',
+            'password' => bcrypt('secret'),
+        ]);
+    });
+
+    // Impersonate the user
+    $token = tenancy()->impersonate($tenant, $user->id, '/acme/dashboard');
+
+    pest()->get('/acme/impersonate/' . $token->token)
+        ->assertRedirect('/acme/dashboard');
+
+    expect(UserImpersonation::isImpersonating())->toBeTrue();
+
+    // Stop impersonating without logging out
+    UserImpersonation::stopImpersonating(false);
+
+    // The impersonation session key should be cleared
+    expect(UserImpersonation::isImpersonating())->toBeFalse();
+    expect(session('tenancy_impersonation_guard'))->toBeNull();
+
+    // The user should still be authenticated
+    pest()->get('/acme/dashboard')
+        ->assertSuccessful()
+        ->assertSee('You are logged in as Joe');
+});
+
+test('stopImpersonating logs out the user from the impersonation guard stored in session', function () {
+    Route::middleware(InitializeTenancyByPath::class)->prefix('/{tenant}')->group(getRoutes(false));
+
+    $tenant = Tenant::create([
+        'id' => 'acme',
+        'tenancy_db_name' => 'db' . Str::random(16),
+    ]);
+
+    migrateTenants();
+
+    $user = $tenant->run(function () {
+        return ImpersonationUser::create([
+            'name' => 'Joe',
+            'email' => 'joe@local',
+            'password' => bcrypt('secret'),
+        ]);
+    });
+
+    // Impersonate the user
+    $token = tenancy()->impersonate($tenant, $user->id, '/acme/dashboard');
+
+    pest()->get('/acme/impersonate/' . $token->token)
+        ->assertRedirect('/acme/dashboard');
+
+    expect(session('tenancy_impersonation_guard'))->toBe('web');
+
+    // Impersonation logged in the user using the current guard ('web')
+    expect(auth('web')->check())->toBeTrue();
+
+    config(['auth.guards.test' => [
+        'driver' => 'session',
+        'provider' => 'users',
+    ]]);
+
+    // Manually log the user in through the 'test' guard
+    auth('test')->loginUsingId($user->id);
+
+    // Should log the user out from the guard used for impersonation ('web')
+    UserImpersonation::stopImpersonating();
+
+    expect(auth('web')->check())->toBeFalse();
+    expect(auth('test')->check())->toBeTrue();
+
+    expect(UserImpersonation::isImpersonating())->toBeFalse();
+
+    // tenancy_impersonation_guard isn't in the session anymore,
+    // stopImpersonating should throw an exception instead of logging out
+    expect(fn() => UserImpersonation::stopImpersonating())->toThrow(Exception::class);
+
+    expect(auth('test')->check())->toBeTrue();
+});
+
 test('tokens have a limited ttl', function () {
     Route::middleware(InitializeTenancyByDomain::class)->group(getRoutes());